Neuroscience

eLife Assessment

This study provides important results with regard to the ongoing debate of the relationship between internalizing psychopathology and learning under uncertainty. The methods and analyses are solid, and the results are backed by a large sample size, yet the study could still benefit from a more detailed discussion about the difference in experimental design and analysis compared to previous studies. If these concerns are addressed, this study would be of interest to researchers in clinical and computational psychiatry for the behavioral markers of psychopathological symptoms.

eLife Assessment

This important work has the potential to expand the repertoire of transgenic animals for systems neuroscience investigations across multiple fields. The generation of new reagents has the potential to open new directions in experimental design, and the Cas9-based approach for generating mice may provide additional benefits compared to existing BAC transgenic mouse lines. However, whereas some of the imaging data are compelling, quantitative analysis of transgene fidelity is incomplete, as it relies on a qualitative description of reporter XFP expression at low magnification, with some electrophysiological characterization.

eLife Assessment

This is a methodologically rich manuscript that is important for revealing the center-surround inhibition profile of expectation in orientation space. The analyses are compelling in validating the critical role of predictive coding feedback. The findings provide novel insights into how expectation optimizes perception via enhancement and suppression.

eLife Assessment

This study presents a valuable finding relating to how the state of arousal is represented within the superior colliculus, a principal visuo-oculomotor structure. The main conclusion that the representation of arousal is segregated, and thus influences visual activity but not motor output, is incompletely supported by the evidence, but could be stronger if a specific concern relating to an alternative explanation for the dichotomy was addressed. The work will be of interest to sensory, motor, and cognitive neuroscientists.

eLife Assessment

This important research addresses the effects of subjective control and task difficulty on experienced stress using a novel behavioral task administered on the same day in two large online samples. Convincing evidence is provided, establishing the internal and external task validity of the task, as well as a relationship between the sense of control and task difficulty, with individual differences in relevant mental health constructs. Evidence for the specificity of the link between control and stress would be more substantial if the design had not conflated control and reward rate. This work will be of interest to psychologists and clinicians studying the concepts of controllability, stress, and psychopathology.

eLife Assessment

This work provides a valuable comparison of sentence structure representations in the human brain and state-of-the-art Large Language Models (LLMs). Based on solid analysis of 7T fMRI data, it systematically identifies sentences in which LLMs underperform relative to models that explicitly code for syntactic structure. The study will be of significant interest to both cognitive neuroscientists and artificial intelligence researchers.

eLife Assessment

This important study presents convincing findings on creating an exhaustive library of new enhancer-AAVs targeting astrocytes and oligodendrocytes with high potential for both basic and translational work, which will be of value to a large and growing community. However, the outdated description of glial biology in the Introduction, the overstated claims of utility in the Conclusion, and the loose stringency in the criteria used to assemble the library diminish the strengths of the claims. The work will be of interest to neuroscientists working on glial cell biology.

eLife Assessment

This paper presents a collection of analyses relating structure and function in the whole-brain Drosophila EM connectome and whole-brain calcium imaging data. The linkage of detailed anatomical structure with population activity is of broad interest in circuit neuroscience in light of increasingly detailed brain maps, but the analysis methods used made the evidence incomplete. The conclusions are useful for specific network observations, but a more thorough analysis of the anatomical and functional data is needed to support the overall claims.

eLife Assessment

This work describes a highly complex automated algorithm for analyzing vascular imaging data from two-photon microscopy. This tool has the potential to be extremely valuable to the field and to fill gaps in knowledge of hemodynamic activity across a regional network. The solid biological application provides a demonstration of their pipeline's capabilities and suggests intriguing hypotheses around prolonged vascular tone changes, but will need to be followed up by further experiments to be conclusively demonstrated.

eLife Assessment

This revised manuscript presents an important characterization of mouse auditory cortex receptive field organization, utilizing two-photon imaging of specific subpopulations. They demonstrate a degradation of tonotopic organization from the input to the output neurons. The strength of the evidence is convincing.