Optogenetic activation of visual thalamus generates artificial visual percepts
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eLife assessment
This important study shows that tree shrews can detect optogenetic stimulation of the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) after training detection of visual stimuli. The solid evidence links optogenetic stimulation of the LGN to behavioural detection and neurophysiological responses. This paper is potentially of interest to neuroscientists and clinicians working on the visual system and visual prostheses.
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Abstract
The lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN), a retinotopic relay center where visual inputs from the retina are processed and relayed to the visual cortex, has been proposed as a potential target for artificial vision. At present, it is unknown whether optogenetic LGN stimulation is sufficient to elicit behaviorally relevant percepts, and the properties of LGN neural responses relevant for artificial vision have not been thoroughly characterized. Here, we demonstrate that tree shrews pretrained on a visual detection task can detect optogenetic LGN activation using an AAV2-CamKIIα-ChR2 construct and readily generalize from visual to optogenetic detection. Simultaneous recordings of LGN spiking activity and primary visual cortex (V1) local field potentials (LFPs) during optogenetic LGN stimulation show that LGN neurons reliably follow optogenetic stimulation at frequencies up to 60 Hz and uncovered a striking phase locking between the V1 LFP and the evoked spiking activity in LGN. These phase relationships were maintained over a broad range of LGN stimulation frequencies, up to 80 Hz, with spike field coherence values favoring higher frequencies, indicating the ability to relay temporally precise information to V1 using light activation of the LGN. Finally, V1 LFP responses showed sensitivity values to LGN optogenetic activation that were similar to the animal’s behavioral performance. Taken together, our findings confirm the LGN as a potential target for visual prosthetics in a highly visual mammal closely related to primates.
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eLife assessment
This important study shows that tree shrews can detect optogenetic stimulation of the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) after training detection of visual stimuli. The solid evidence links optogenetic stimulation of the LGN to behavioural detection and neurophysiological responses. This paper is potentially of interest to neuroscientists and clinicians working on the visual system and visual prostheses.
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Reviewer #1 (Public Review):
Wang and colleagues show that tree shrews can detect optogenetic stimulation of the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) using an AAV2-CamKIIα-ChR2 construct after training detection of visual stimuli. Solid evidence links optogenetic stimulation to behavioural detection and neurophysiological responses in LGN and local field potentials in V1.
The major strength is the carefully conducted optogenetic detection experiments showing that training of a visual detection task can be transferred to the the detection of focal optogenetic stimulation in the LGN. The optogenetic stimulation can evoke responses in LGN that can be transmitted to V1.
However, the behavioural results are highly variable between individual animals and different optogenetic stimulation frequencies. The nature of this variability remains …
Reviewer #1 (Public Review):
Wang and colleagues show that tree shrews can detect optogenetic stimulation of the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) using an AAV2-CamKIIα-ChR2 construct after training detection of visual stimuli. Solid evidence links optogenetic stimulation to behavioural detection and neurophysiological responses in LGN and local field potentials in V1.
The major strength is the carefully conducted optogenetic detection experiments showing that training of a visual detection task can be transferred to the the detection of focal optogenetic stimulation in the LGN. The optogenetic stimulation can evoke responses in LGN that can be transmitted to V1.
However, the behavioural results are highly variable between individual animals and different optogenetic stimulation frequencies. The nature of this variability remains unclear. A weakness of this complex in vivo study lies in the underspecified description of some of the details and the links between the histology, the neurophysiology and optogenetic results, in order to understand this variability better. The neurophysiological results are clear and important, but the distribution of significant results across the different animals studied is missing. The expression patterns across layers of the optogenetic viruses appear to differ in the histology of three different animals shown, but it is unclear except for one animal from which experimental individuals these results stem. While the methods of the behavioural and neurophysiological results are well described, the methods section is incomplete with regards to the very nice histology presented (perfusion, sectioning, staining).
The detection of optogenetic activation of LGN in this visual animal model suggests that LGN is a potential target for a neuroprosthetic device. This paper is potentially of interest to neuroscientists and clinicians working on the visual system and visual prostheses.
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Reviewer #2 (Public Review):
Wang et al. investigate the LGN in the tree shrew as a potential target for artificial vision. They report that (a) animals pre-trained on a visual detection task can generalize from visual to optogenetic detection and (b) optogenetic activation of the LGN results in reliable field potential activity in V1.
In this revised version of the manuscript, the authors have done a commendable job of addressing the critiques from the previous round of reviews.
Among the new results, the analysis of V1 LFP entrainment with optogenetic stimulation in the LGN is quite interesting and convincing. However, I found the spiking results in V1 to be underwhelming (which the authors also acknowledge). I find this a little surprising, given the robustness of the LFP results. Was this a matter of finding a better alignment of …
Reviewer #2 (Public Review):
Wang et al. investigate the LGN in the tree shrew as a potential target for artificial vision. They report that (a) animals pre-trained on a visual detection task can generalize from visual to optogenetic detection and (b) optogenetic activation of the LGN results in reliable field potential activity in V1.
In this revised version of the manuscript, the authors have done a commendable job of addressing the critiques from the previous round of reviews.
Among the new results, the analysis of V1 LFP entrainment with optogenetic stimulation in the LGN is quite interesting and convincing. However, I found the spiking results in V1 to be underwhelming (which the authors also acknowledge). I find this a little surprising, given the robustness of the LFP results. Was this a matter of finding a better alignment of LGN and V1 sites? Might the authors have found more convincing spiking activity results if they use laminar electrodes in V1 to find monosynaptic connectivity between the LGN injection sites and their targets in V1?
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Reviewer #3 (Public Review):
The overarching goal of this study is to assess the feasibility of using optogenetic stimulation in the LGN for future visual neuroprostheses. This is an interesting and important research direction.
To address this goal, the author express ChR2 in the LGN of tree shrews, implant a wireless μ‐LED stimulation probe, and test for the ability of tree shrews to generalize from visual detection to detection of optogenetic stimulation. The authors provide compelling evidence that tree shrews can generalize from visual detection to the detection of optogenetic stimulation in the LGN. This is an important and novel finding which demonstrates that optogenetic stimulation in the LGN can lead to detectable percepts. While the basic finding seems to be robust, some aspects of the paper still need further attention.
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