Neuroscience

Evaluation Summary:

This study elucidates the molecular mechanisms whereby Gastrodia elata Blume confers neuroprotection in G2019S-induced PD models and provides a potential therapeutic treatment for PD patients. The experiments are very well designed; the images are of high-quality and convincing. The conclusions are well supported by multiple of lines of genetic and biochemical evidence. This is an important and innovative study.

(This preprint has been reviewed by eLife. We include the public reviews from the reviewers here; the authors also receive private feedback with suggested changes to the manuscript. Reviewer #2 agreed to share their name with the authors.)

Evaluation Summary:

This manuscript is of broad interest for the neuroscience and imaging community. The authors employ an array of advanced imaging techniques to bridge the understanding of neuronal function in whole organisms to the sub-cellular physiology of specific neuronal types. The microscopical observations, combined with system perturbations strongly support the claims.

(This preprint has been reviewed by eLife. We include the public reviews from the reviewers here; the authors also receive private feedback with suggested changes to the manuscript. Reviewer #1 and Reviewer #2 agreed to share their name with the authors.)

Evaluation Summary:

This study examines the degree to which idiosyncrasies in visual object representations (beyond just image-driven objective representations) exist in visual areas of the brain. The authors report that later stages of the visual processing stream (specifically involving the perirhinal cortex and parts of the entorhinal cortex) do show these idiosyncratic representations, and for all levels of similarity (even for distinguishing very highly similar stimuli). These findings are interesting to vision scientists working to understand the role of different regions within the visual processing stream and to memory scientists interested in how this visual input is transformed in medial temporal lobe regions.

This preprint has been reviewed by eLife. We include the public reviews from the reviewers here; the authors also receive private feedback with suggested changes to the manuscript. Reviewer #2 agreed to share their name with the authors.

Evaluation Summary:

This paper is of potential interest to cognitive neuroscientists seeking to understand commonalities and differences in the neural basis of instructed and experiential reversal learning in the context of human pain. The authors report that learning from instructions versus experience leads to differences in the behavioral ratings of and the neural responses to noxious stimuli. The innovative experimental design and analyses in this study offer new perspectives on using neuro-computational models for understanding how explicitly informed vs experientially acquired information influences learning about cues predicting painful stimuli.

(This preprint has been reviewed by eLife. We include the public reviews from the reviewers here; the authors also receive private feedback with suggested changes to the manuscript. Reviewer #3 agreed to share their name with the authors.)

Evaluation Summary:

This paper will be of interest to researchers in the fields of biomechanics, movement control, and decision making. It presents a novel mechanistic model of metabolic cost that includes a cost for rate of muscle force production explains metabolic cost better than current models. They next demonstrate how this metabolic model can improve our understanding of movement control by revealing an energetic basis for smooth movements.

This preprint has been reviewed by eLife. We include the public reviews from the reviewers here; the authors also receive private feedback with suggested changes to the manuscript. Reviewer #2 agreed to share their name with the authors.

Evaluation Summary:

This paper is a milestone towards understanding the formation and representation of visual object structure in the brain. It shows that in the pivotal area V4, border ownership selectivity emerges in the deep layers earlier than in the granular layers which receive the input from V1/V2, indicating that border ownership is not inherited from the input, but computed by deep-layer neurons using visual context information possibly provided through horizontal connections, cortico-cortical feedback or thalamic input. They further report that the preferred side of border ownership across layers is similar, i.e. it is organized in a columnar fashion. The study is elegantly done, with the outstanding questions clearly laid out and the results presented in a clear and informative fashion.

(This preprint has been reviewed by eLife. We include the public reviews from the reviewers here; the authors also receive private feedback with suggested changes to the manuscript. Reviewer #2 and Reviewer #3 agreed to share their names with the authors.)

Evaluation Summary:

There has been a longstanding interest in developing normative models of how humans handle latent information in stochastic and volatile environments. This study examines recurrent neural network models trained on sequence-prediction tasks analogous to those used in human cognitive studies. The results demonstrate that such models lead to highly accurate predictions for challenging sequences in which the statistics are non-stationary and change at random times. This is a novel and remarkable result that opens up new avenues for cognitive modelling.

(This preprint has been reviewed by eLife. We include the public reviews from the reviewers here; the authors also receive private feedback with suggested changes to the manuscript. Reviewer #1 and Reviewer #2 agreed to share their names with the authors.)

Evaluation Summary:

In this study, Hahn et al. taught crows to perform a working memory task designed to mimic traditional monkey tasks. Using a combination of behavior and electrophysiology, the authors convincingly show that the neural mechanisms that limit working memory capacity in mammals and primates also limit working memory capacity in crows. What makes this finding particularly interesting is that the architecture of the avian brain is dramatically different than the architecture of the primate brain. Thus, two dramatically different architectures give rise to the same behavioral functions and neural computations. Such cross-species comparisons are fundamental to understanding the computational constraints that are placed on cognition and the brain.

(This preprint has been reviewed by eLife. We include the public reviews from the reviewers here; the authors also receive private feedback with suggested changes to the manuscript. Reviewer #3 agreed to share their name with the authors.)

Evaluation Summary:

This study uses intracranial EEG to explore links between broad-band gamma oscillations and mood, and their impact on decisions. While the results are potentially interesting, additional details and analyses are necessary to show that results are not driven by confounds. In addition, there is about a major concern that statistics are performed across electrodes instead of across subjects.

(This preprint has been reviewed by eLife. We include the public reviews from the reviewers here; the authors also receive private feedback with suggested changes to the manuscript. The reviewers remained anonymous to the authors.)

Evaluation Summary:

This study provides a novel mouse model for the study of the central respiratory chemoreceptor circuit and, therefore, of interest for the respiratory physiology community. Nonetheless, in its present form, this work still lacks more physiological, developmental, and anatomical characterizations to place this study in a broader context and gain new insights into the physiology of respiratory chemoreflexes.

(This preprint has been reviewed by eLife. We include the public reviews from the reviewers here; the authors also receive private feedback with suggested changes to the manuscript. Reviewer #1 and Reviewer #3 agreed to share their names with the authors.)