Blockchain-Enabled Battery Swapping in EVs: Multidimensional insights from Pareto, Affinity Diagram, QFD & Bibliometric analysis.

The transformation of energy replenishment by the rapid adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) as a sustainable alternative to traditional internal combustion engine vehicles has created new challenges. Conventional charging methods are often inefficient due to long charging times, range anxiety, and the uneven distribution of charging infrastructure. Battery swapping has emerged as a promising solution, offering reduced downtime, optimized battery lifecycle management, and enhanced energy efficiency. However, the successful implementation of battery swapping faces multiple challenges, including transaction security, battery ownership traceability, and interoperability among EV manufacturers. Blockchain technology has gained significant attention as a transformative tool to address these challenges by providing a decentralized, transparent, and tamper-proof framework for managing battery swaps. By leveraging smart contracts, blockchain can automate battery exchange transactions, ensure data integrity, enhance battery tracking, and establish trust among stakeholders in the EV ecosystem. Despite its potential, research on blockchain-enabled battery swapping remains fragmented, necessitating a comprehensive review of existing studies. This study conducts a multi-level literature review using Pareto, Affinity, QFD, and Bibliometric analysis to identify the most frequently used keywords, cross relationship, and QFD diagram to understand customer requirements and Critical to the Quality (CTQ) and lastly to examine the research trends, key contributions, and future directions in blockchain applications for battery swapping in EVs. The analysis identifies influential publications, emerging themes, and technological advancements, offering valuable insights for researchers, policymakers, and industry stakeholders. The findings highlight the potential of blockchain to revolutionize EV battery management and pave the way for more secure, efficient, and scalable battery-swapping networks.