Blockchain-Based Lightweight Authentication and Key Agreement Scheme for Electric Vehicle Battery Swapping

With the advantages of zero emissions, low noise and efficient energy utilization, electric vehicles (EVs) have become an important part of the modern transportation system. Nevertheless, the widespread adoption of EVs remains constrained by limited battery range and insufficient charging infrastructure, both of which can be effectively mitigated by battery swapping technology. However, the open communication channels among EVs, roadside units and battery swapping stations pose risks to data security and user privacy. To address these issues, we propose a lightweight authentication protocol based on Chebyshev chaotic maps and blockchain. The scheme ensures user privacy while leveraging blockchain technology to guarantee the security and reliability of transaction processing and data storage during battery swapping. Moreover, the Chebyshev polynomial is introduced to reduce the computational cost for EVs during authentication with roadside units. Formal security analysis using the real-or-random (ROR) oracle model and Scyther tool confirms that the proposed scheme is secure. Furthermore, informal security analysis indicates that our scheme can effectively withstand known attacks. Finally, the performance evaluation results show that the proposed scheme is superior in terms of communication and computational overheads compared to existing related schemes.