A Blockchain-Based Architecture for Secure and Transparent MRV in Offshore CO₂-EOR Operations: A Case Study in the Guajira Basin, Colombia

Offshore Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) operations involving carbon dioxide (CO₂) injection present critical challenges in data traceability, regulatory compliance, and real-time monitoring—especially in sensitive ecosystems such as Colombia’s Guajira Offshore basin. This study proposes blockchain-based digital architecture designed to enhance Measurement, Reporting, and Verification (MRV) mechanisms across EOR workflows by integrating edge computing, smart contracts, artificial intelligence (AI), and decentralized ledger technologies. The architecture is structured into four interoperable layers—sensor data acquisition, blockchain-enabled traceability, AI-based anomaly detection, and MRV reporting—each mapped to specific operational and regulatory pain points. Visual diagrams illustrate the layered structure and technical workflows. Through scenario modeling and simulated sensor data, the proposed system demonstrates its potential to improve data integrity, enable transparent regulatory auditing, and ensure rapid response to operational anomalies. The model incorporates federated learning, permissioned blockchain networks, and zero-knowledge cryptography to support secure multi-agent collaboration and future carbon offset certification. As a case study, the Guajira basin serves as a testbed for architectural validation, regulatory alignment, and scalability in tropical offshore environments. The findings offer a novel foundation for integrating digital trust mechanisms into decarbonization strategies in the oil and gas sector.