Involvement of TRPV4 in temperature-dependent perspiration in mice
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eLife assessment
TRPV4 is a unique cation channel that has been demonstrated to play a role in a variety of sensory processes. The authors provide useful new data to indicate that TRPV4 activation occurs in eccrine gland cells. They then show that temperature-dependent perspiration is TRPV4-dependent in mouse skin. This provides new insight, but the data are incomplete in that more orthogonal assays could be used to more comprehensively support the conclusions.
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Abstract
Reports indicate that an interaction between TRPV4 and anoctamin 1 could be widely involved in water efflux of exocrine glands, suggesting that the interaction could play a role in perspiration. In secretory cells of sweat glands present in mouse foot pads, TRPV4 clearly colocalized with cytokeratin 8, anoctamin 1 (ANO1) and aquaporin-5 (AQP5). Mouse sweat glands showed TRPV4-dependent cytosolic Ca 2+ increases that was inhibited by menthol. Acetylcholine-stimulated sweating in foot pads was temperature-dependent in wild-type, but not in TRPV4-deficient mice, and was inhibited by menthol both in wild-type and TRPM8KO mice. The basal sweating without acetylcholine stimulation was inhibited by an ANO1 inhibitor. Sweating could be important for maintaining friction forces in mouse foot pads, and this possibility is supported by the finding that wild-type mice climbed up a slippery slope more easily than TRPV4-deleted mice. Furthermore, TRPV4 expression was significantly higher in controls and normohidrotic skin from patients with AIGA (acquired idiopathic generalized anhidrosis) compared to anhidrotic skin from patients with AIGA. Collectively, TRPV4 is likely involved in temperature-dependent perspiration via interactions with ANO1, and TRPV4 itself or the TRPV4/ANO 1 complex would be targets to develop agents that regulate perspiration.
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eLife assessment
TRPV4 is a unique cation channel that has been demonstrated to play a role in a variety of sensory processes. The authors provide useful new data to indicate that TRPV4 activation occurs in eccrine gland cells. They then show that temperature-dependent perspiration is TRPV4-dependent in mouse skin. This provides new insight, but the data are incomplete in that more orthogonal assays could be used to more comprehensively support the conclusions.
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Reviewer #1 (Public Review):
Summary:
Makiko Kashio et al aimed to uncover a potential role of exocrine gland-expressing TRPV4 in perspiration. Pharmacological and genetic tools were employed to verify a TRPV4-dependent cytosolic Ca2+ increase, which may contribute to sweat in mice.
Strengths:
(1) The authors identified a functional expression of TRPV4 in sweat glands.
(2) The lower expression of TRPV4 in anhidrotic skin from patients with AIGA suggested a potential role of TRPV4 in perspiration.Weaknesses:
(1) Measurement of secreted amylase could be seen as direct evidence of sweating, however, how to determine the causal relationship between climbing behavior and sweating? Friction force may also be reduced when there is too much fingertip moisture.
(2) For the human skin immunostaining, did the author use the same TRPV4 antibody as …
Reviewer #1 (Public Review):
Summary:
Makiko Kashio et al aimed to uncover a potential role of exocrine gland-expressing TRPV4 in perspiration. Pharmacological and genetic tools were employed to verify a TRPV4-dependent cytosolic Ca2+ increase, which may contribute to sweat in mice.
Strengths:
(1) The authors identified a functional expression of TRPV4 in sweat glands.
(2) The lower expression of TRPV4 in anhidrotic skin from patients with AIGA suggested a potential role of TRPV4 in perspiration.Weaknesses:
(1) Measurement of secreted amylase could be seen as direct evidence of sweating, however, how to determine the causal relationship between climbing behavior and sweating? Friction force may also be reduced when there is too much fingertip moisture.
(2) For the human skin immunostaining, did the author use the same TRPV4 antibody as used in the mouse staining? Did they validate the specificity of the antibody for the human TRPV4 channel?
(3) In lines 116-117, the authors tried to determine "the functional interaction of TRPV4 and ANO1 is involved in temperature-dependent sweating", however, they only used the TRPV4 ko mice and did not show any evidence supporting the relationship between TRPV4 and ANO1.
(4) Figure 3-4 is quite confusing. At 25˚C, no sweating difference was observed between TRPV4 and wt mice (Fig 3A-3D), suggesting both Ach-induced sweating and basal sweating are TRPV4-independent at 25˚C, however, the climbing test was done at 26-27 ˚C and the data showed a climbing deficit in TRPV4 ko mice. How to interpret the data is unclear.
(5) Was there any gender differences associated with sweating in mice? In Figure 3, the mouse number for behavior tests should be at least 5.
(8) 8- to 21-week-old mice were used in the immunostaining, the time span is too long.
(6) The authors used homozygous TRPV4 ko mice for all experiments. What are control mice? Are they littermates of the TRPV4 ko mice?
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Reviewer #2 (Public Review):
Summary:
In this study, Kashio et al examined the role of TRPV4 in regulating perspiration in mice. They find coexpression of TRPV4 with the chloride channel ANO1 and aquaporin 5, which implies possible coupling of heat sensing through TRPV4 to ion and water excretion through the latter channels. Calcium imaging of eccrine gland cells revealed that the TRPV4 agonist GSK101 activates these cells in WT mice, but not in TRPV4 KO. This effect is reduced with cold-stimulating menthol treatment. Temperature-dependent perspiration in mouse skin, either with passive heating or with ACh stimulation, was reduced in TRPV4 KO mice. Functional studies in mice - correlating the ability to climb a slippery slope to properly regulate skin moisture levels - reveal potential dysregulation of foot pad perspiration in TRPV4 KO …
Reviewer #2 (Public Review):
Summary:
In this study, Kashio et al examined the role of TRPV4 in regulating perspiration in mice. They find coexpression of TRPV4 with the chloride channel ANO1 and aquaporin 5, which implies possible coupling of heat sensing through TRPV4 to ion and water excretion through the latter channels. Calcium imaging of eccrine gland cells revealed that the TRPV4 agonist GSK101 activates these cells in WT mice, but not in TRPV4 KO. This effect is reduced with cold-stimulating menthol treatment. Temperature-dependent perspiration in mouse skin, either with passive heating or with ACh stimulation, was reduced in TRPV4 KO mice. Functional studies in mice - correlating the ability to climb a slippery slope to properly regulate skin moisture levels - reveal potential dysregulation of foot pad perspiration in TRPV4 KO mice, which had fewer successful climbing attempts. Lastly, a correlation of TRPV4 to hypohydrosis in humans was shown, as anhidrotic skin showed reduced levels of TRPV4 expression compared to normohidrotic or control skin.
Strengths:
The functional studies of mice climbing slippery slopes is a novel method to determine mechanisms of functional perspiration in mice. Since mice do not perspire for thermoregulation, other functional readouts are needed to study perspiration in mice.
Weaknesses:
1. The coexpression data needs additional controls. In the TRPV4 KO mice, there appears to be staining with the TRPV4 Ab in TRPV4 KO mice below the epidermis. This pattern appears similar to that of the location of the secretory coils of the sweat glands (Fig 1A). Is the co-staining the authors note later in Figure 1 also seen in TRPV4 KOs? This control should be shown, since the KO staining is not convincing that the Ab doesn't have off-target binding.
2. Are there any other markers besides CGRP for dark cells in mice to support the conclusion that mouse secretory cells have clear cell and dark cell properties?
3. The authors utilize menthol (as a cooling stimulus) in several experiments. In the discussion, they interpret the effect of menthol as potentially disrupting TRPV4-ANO1 interactions independent of TRPM8. Yet, the role of TRPM8, such as in TRPM8 KO mice, is not evaluated in this study.
4. Along those lines, the authors suggest that menthol inhibits eccrine function, which might lead to a cooling sensation. But isn't the cooling sensation of sweating from evaporative cooling? In which case, inhibiting eccrine function may actually impair cooling sensations.
5. The climbing assay is interesting and compelling. The authors note performing this under certain temperature and humidity conditions. Presumably, there is an optimal level of skin moisture, where skin that is too dry has less traction, but skin that is too wet may also have less traction. It would bolster this section of the study to perform this assay under hot conditions (perhaps TRPV4 KO mice, with impaired perspiration, would outperform WT mice with too much sweating?), or with pharmacologic intervention using TRPV4 agonists or antagonists to more rigorously evaluate whether this model correlates to TRPV4 function in the setting of different levels of perspiration.
6. There are other studies (PMID 33085914, PMID 31216445) that have examined the role of TRPV4 in regulating perspiration. The presence of TRPV4 in eccrine glands is not a novel finding. Moreover, these studies noted that TRPV4 was not critical in regulating sweating in human subjects. These prior studies are in contradiction to the mouse data and the correlation to human anhidrotic skin in the present study. Neither of these studies is cited or discussed by the authors, but they should be.
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Reviewer #3 (Public Review):
Summary:
The authors set out to determine the extent to which the cation channel TRPV4 is expressed in secretory cells of sweat glands and the effect of blocking TRPV4 activity on sweat production, mediated via effects on the chloride channel anoctamin 1.
Strengths:
The study makes use of a diverse array of techniques, including super-resolution microscopy, live-cell calcium imaging, behavioral tests, and immunohistochemistry of human tissues in support of the claim that functional TRPV4 expression is detectable in sweat glands, and that TRPV4-deficient mice do not show respond to stimulation of sweat production (acetylcholine).
Weaknesses:
Figure 2: The calcium imaging-based approach shows average traces from 6 cells per genotype, but it was unclear if all acinar cells tested with this technique …
Reviewer #3 (Public Review):
Summary:
The authors set out to determine the extent to which the cation channel TRPV4 is expressed in secretory cells of sweat glands and the effect of blocking TRPV4 activity on sweat production, mediated via effects on the chloride channel anoctamin 1.
Strengths:
The study makes use of a diverse array of techniques, including super-resolution microscopy, live-cell calcium imaging, behavioral tests, and immunohistochemistry of human tissues in support of the claim that functional TRPV4 expression is detectable in sweat glands, and that TRPV4-deficient mice do not show respond to stimulation of sweat production (acetylcholine).
Weaknesses:
Figure 2: The calcium imaging-based approach shows average traces from 6 cells per genotype, but it was unclear if all acinar cells tested with this technique demonstrated TRPV4-mediated calcium influx, or if only a subset was presented.
Figure 4: The climbing behavioral test shows a significant reduction in climbing success rate in TRPV4-deficient mice. The authors ascribe this to a lack of hind paw 'traction' due to deficiencies in hind paw perspiration, but important controls and evidence that could rule out other potential confounds were not provided or cited.
In general, the results support the authors' claims that TRPV4 activity is a necessary component of sweat gland secretion, which may have important implications for controlling perspiration as well as secretion from other glands where TRPV4 may be expressed.
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