Neuroscience

eLife Assessment

This important study provides insights into the role of the cerebellum in fear conditioning, addressing a key gap in the literature. The evidence presented is solid overall, although the theoretical framing and clarity of the results can be improved and some concerns remain about the reliability of results based on small numbers of trials. This work will be of interest to both the extinction learning and cerebellar research communities.

eLife Assessment

This important study provides new evidence on the role of norepinephrine (NE) release in the hippocampus in response to environmental transitions (event boundaries), providing a potential link between NE signaling and the segmentation of episodic memories. The work is solid, employing innovative techniques such as fiber photometry with the GRAB-NE sensor for NE measurement, the analysis of public electrophysiology hippocampal datasets, and well-controlled experiments. While further analysis could strengthen some claims, this work offers insights into memory, neuromodulation, and hippocampal function.

eLife Assessment

This study examined the important question of how neurons code temporal information across the hippocampus, dorsal striatum, and orbitofrontal cortex. Using a behavioral task in the rat that requires discrimination between short and long time intervals, the authors conclude that time intervals are represented in all three regions and that synchronized activity of time-coding cells across the brain regions is coordinated by theta rhythms. However, several weaknesses are noted, and in its current form, the study provides incomplete evidence for understanding how temporal information is processed and coordinated throughout these brain networks.

eLife Assessment

This important study uses recently developed EEG analysis methods to investigate spatial distractor suppression in a combined visual search/working memory task. The reported results are compelling, although they are open to multiple interpretations. The study will be of interest to cognitive neuroscientists and psychologists working on visual attention and memory.

eLife Assessment

This study offers a valuable treatment of how the population of excitatory and inhibitory neurons integrates principles of energy efficiency in their coding strategies. The convincing analysis provides a comprehensive characterisation of the model, highlighting the structured connectivity between excitatory and inhibitory neurons. The role of the many free parameters are discussed and studied in depth.

eLife Assessment

In their important manuscript, Costa et al. establish an in vitro model for dorsal root ganglion (DRG) axonal asymmetry, revealing that central and peripheral axon branches have distinct patterns of microtubule populations that are linked to their differential regenerative capacities. The authors employ creative tissue culture methods to demonstrate how these branches develop uniquely in vitro, offering a potential explanation for long-observed regeneration disparities. The convincing evidence provides a contribution to our understanding of the neuronal cytoskeleton and axonal regeneration.

eLife Assessment

In this valuable manuscript, authors ablate cerebellar oligodendrocytes during postnatal development and show that synchrony of calcium transients in Purkinje neurons and behaviours are affected even at later stages. While the work is solid, it is incomplete in that the causal relationship between the two has not been sufficiently explored.

eLife Assessment

This study provides valuable insights into the lesser-known effects of the sodium-potassium pump on how nerve cells process signals, particularly in highly active cells like those of weakly electric fish. The authors use a detailed mathematical model to show how the pump can shift a cell's normal firing patterns and disrupt the coordination of signals when inputs change quickly. The computational methods used to establish the claims in this work are solid and can be used as a starting point for further studies, yet the conclusions would be strengthened with experimental evidence or testable predictions regarding some of the proposed mechanisms across different cell types.

eLife Assessment

This well-designed study provides important findings concerning the way the brain encodes prediction about self-generated sensory inputs. The authors report that neurons in auditory cortex respond to mismatches in locomotion-driven auditory feedback and that those responses can be enhanced by concurrent mismatches in visual inputs. While there remain alternative explanations for some of the data, these findings provide convincing support for the role of predictive processing in cortical function by indicating that sensorimotor prediction errors in one modality influence the computation of prediction errors in another modality.

eLife Assessment

This study builds on previous findings showing modular organisation of primate visual cortical areas by presenting important results about the cortical processing of colour, disparity and naturalistic textures in the human visual cortex at the spatial scale of cortical layers and columns using state-of-the-art high-resolution fMRI methods at ultra-high magnetic field strength (7 T). Solid evidence supports an interesting layer-specific informational connectivity analysis to infer information flow across early visual areas for processing disparity and color signals. While the question of how the modularity of representation relates to cortical hierarchical processing is interesting, the findings that texture does not map onto previously established columnar architecture in V2 is suggestive. The successful application of high-resolution fMRI methods to study the functional organization along cortical columns and layers is relevant to a broad readership interested in general neuroscience.