Anti-diuretic hormone ITP signals via a guanylate cyclase receptor to modulate systemic homeostasis in Drosophila
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eLife assessment
This important study provides a comprehensive analysis of ITP and its role as an anti-diuretic and metabolic hormone in Drosophila. The evidence supporting the conclusion is solid in general with combined genetic, comparative genomic approaches, classical physiological techniques, and biochemical assays. However, the evidence of direct binding between ITPa and Gyc76C and their physiological functions is incomplete. This work represents a contribution to the field of neuropeptides and neurohormones in insects and other animals.
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Abstract
Insects have evolved a variety of neurohormones that enable them to maintain their nutrient and osmotic homeostasis. While the identities and functions of various insect metabolic and diuretic hormones have been well-established, the characterization of an anti-diuretic signaling system that is conserved across most insects is still lacking. To address this, here we characterized the ion transport peptide (ITP) signaling system in Drosophila . The Drosophila ITP gene encodes five transcript variants which generate three different peptide isoforms: ITP amidated (ITPa) and two ITP-like (ITPL1 and ITPL2) isoforms. Using a combination of anatomical mapping and single-cell transcriptome analyses, we comprehensively characterized the expression of all three ITP isoforms in the nervous system and peripheral tissues. Our analyses reveal widespread expression of ITP isoforms. Moreover, we show that ITPa is released during dehydration and recombinant Drosophila ITPa inhibits diuretic peptide-induced renal tubule secretion ex vivo , thus confirming its role as an anti-diuretic hormone. Using a phylogenetic-driven approach and the ex vivo secretion assay, we identified and functionally characterized Gyc76C, a membrane guanylate cyclase, as an elusive Drosophila ITPa receptor. Thus, knockdown of Gyc76C in renal tubules abolishes the inhibitory effect of ITPa on diuretic hormone secretion. Extensive anatomical mapping of Gyc76C reveals that it is highly expressed in larval and adult tissues associated with osmoregulation (renal tubules and rectum) and metabolic homeostasis (fat body). Consistent with this expression, knockdown of Gyc76C in renal tubules impacts tolerance to osmotic and ionic stresses, whereas knockdown specifically in the fat body impacts feeding, nutrient homeostasis and associated behaviors. We also complement receptor knockdown experiments with ITPa overexpression in ITP neurons. Interestingly, ITPa-Gyc76C pathways deciphered here are reminiscent of the atrial natriuretic peptide signaling in mammals. Lastly, we utilized connectomics and single-cell transcriptomics to identify synaptic and paracrine pathways upstream and downstream of ITP-expressing neurons. Taken together, our systematic characterization of the ITP signaling establishes a tractable system to decipher how a small set of neurons integrates diverse inputs to orchestrate systemic homeostasis in Drosophila .
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eLife assessment
This important study provides a comprehensive analysis of ITP and its role as an anti-diuretic and metabolic hormone in Drosophila. The evidence supporting the conclusion is solid in general with combined genetic, comparative genomic approaches, classical physiological techniques, and biochemical assays. However, the evidence of direct binding between ITPa and Gyc76C and their physiological functions is incomplete. This work represents a contribution to the field of neuropeptides and neurohormones in insects and other animals.
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Reviewer #1 (Public Review):
Summary:
In Drosophila melanogaster, ITP has functions on feeding, drinking, metabolism, excretion, and circadian rhythm. In the current study, the authors characterized and compared the expression of all three ITP isoforms (ITPa and ITPL1&2) in the CNS and peripheral tissues of Drosophila. An important finding is that they functionally characterized and identified Gyc76C as an ITPa receptor in Drosophila using both in vitro and in vivo approaches. In vitro, the authors nicely confirmed that the inhibitory function of recombinant Drosophila ITPa on MT secretion is Gyc76C-dependent (knockdown Gyc76C specifically in two types of cells abolished the anti-diuretic action of Drosophila ITPa on renal tubules). They also used a combination of multiple approaches to investigate the roles of ITPa and Gyc76C on …
Reviewer #1 (Public Review):
Summary:
In Drosophila melanogaster, ITP has functions on feeding, drinking, metabolism, excretion, and circadian rhythm. In the current study, the authors characterized and compared the expression of all three ITP isoforms (ITPa and ITPL1&2) in the CNS and peripheral tissues of Drosophila. An important finding is that they functionally characterized and identified Gyc76C as an ITPa receptor in Drosophila using both in vitro and in vivo approaches. In vitro, the authors nicely confirmed that the inhibitory function of recombinant Drosophila ITPa on MT secretion is Gyc76C-dependent (knockdown Gyc76C specifically in two types of cells abolished the anti-diuretic action of Drosophila ITPa on renal tubules). They also used a combination of multiple approaches to investigate the roles of ITPa and Gyc76C on osmotic and metabolic homeostasis modulation in vivo. They revealed that ITPa signaling to renal tubules and fat body modulates osmotic and metabolic homeostasis via Gyc76C.
Furthermore, they tried to identify the upstream and downstream of ITP neurons in the nervous system by using connectomics and single-cell transcriptomic analysis. I found this interesting manuscript to be well-written and described. The findings in this study are valuable to help understand how ITP signals work on systemic homeostasis regulation. Both anatomical and single-cell transcriptome analysis here should be useful to many in the field.
Strengths:
- The question (what receptors of ITPa in Drosophila) that this study tries to address is important. The authors ruled out the Bombyx ITPa receptor orthologs as potential candidates. They identified a novel ITP receptor by using phylogenetic, anatomical analysis, and both in vitro and in vivo approaches.
- The authors exhibited detailed anatomical data of both ITP isoforms and Gyc76C (in the main and supplementary figures), which helped audiences understand the expression of the neurons studied in the manuscript.
- They also performed connectomes and single-cell transcriptomics analysis to study the synaptic and peptidergic connectivity of ITP-expressing neurons. This provided more information for better understanding and further study on systemic homeostasis modulation.
Weaknesses:
In the discussion section, the authors raised the limitations of the current study, which I mostly agree with, such as the lack of verification of direct binding between ITPa and Gyc76C, even though they provided different data to support that ITPa-Gyc76C signaling pathway regulates systemic homeostasis in adult flies.
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Reviewer #2 (Public Review):
Summary:
The physiology and behaviour of animals are regulated by a huge variety of neuropeptide signalling systems. In this paper, the authors focus on the neuropeptide ion transport peptide (ITP), which was first identified and named on account of its effects on the locust hindgut (Audsley et al. 1992). Using Drosophila as an experimental model, the authors have mapped the expression of three different isoforms of ITP (Figures 1, S1, and S2), all of which are encoded by the same gene.
The authors then investigated candidate receptors for isoforms of ITP. Firstly, Drosophila orthologs of G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) that have been reported to act as receptors for ITPa or ITPL in the insect Bombyx mori were investigated. Importantly, the authors report that ITPa does not act as a ligand for the GPCRs …
Reviewer #2 (Public Review):
Summary:
The physiology and behaviour of animals are regulated by a huge variety of neuropeptide signalling systems. In this paper, the authors focus on the neuropeptide ion transport peptide (ITP), which was first identified and named on account of its effects on the locust hindgut (Audsley et al. 1992). Using Drosophila as an experimental model, the authors have mapped the expression of three different isoforms of ITP (Figures 1, S1, and S2), all of which are encoded by the same gene.
The authors then investigated candidate receptors for isoforms of ITP. Firstly, Drosophila orthologs of G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) that have been reported to act as receptors for ITPa or ITPL in the insect Bombyx mori were investigated. Importantly, the authors report that ITPa does not act as a ligand for the GPCRs TkR99D and PK2-R1 (Figure S3). Therefore, the authors investigated other putative receptors for ITPs. Informed by a previously reported finding that ITP-type peptides cause an increase in cGMP levels in cells/tissues (Dircksen, 2009, Nagai et al., 2014), the authors investigated guanylyl cyclases as candidate receptors for ITPs. In particular, the authors suggest that Gyc76C may act as an ITP receptor in Drosophila.
Evidence that Gyc76C may be involved in mediating effects of ITP in Bombyx was first reported by Nagai et al. (2014) and here the authors present further evidence, based on a proposed concordance in the phylogenetic distribution ITP-type neuropeptides and Gyc76C (Figure 2). Having performed detailed mapping of the expression of Gyc76C in Drosophila (Figures 3, S4, S5, S6), the authors then investigated if Gyc76C knockdown affects the bioactivity of ITPa in Drosophila. The inhibitory effect of ITPa on leucokinin- and diuretic hormone-31-stimulated fluid secretion from Malpighian tubules was found to be abolished when expression of Gyc76C was knocked down in stellate cells and principal cells, respectively (Figure 4). However, as discussed below, this does not provide proof that Gyc76C directly mediates the effect of ITPa by acting as its receptor. The effect of Gyc76C knockdown on the action of ITPa could be an indirect consequence of an alteration in cGMP signalling.
Having investigated the proposed mechanism of ITPa in Drosophila, the authors then investigated its physiological roles at a systemic level. In Figure 5 the authors present evidence that ITPa is released during desiccation and accordingly, overexpression of ITPa increases survival when animals are subjected to desiccation. Furthermore, knockdown of Gyc76C in stellate or principal cells of Malphigian tubules decreases survival when animals are subject to desiccation. However, whilst this is correlative, it does not prove that Gyc76C mediates the effects of ITPa. The authors investigated the effects of knockdown of Gyc76C in stellate or principal cells of Malphigian tubules on i). survival when animals are subject to salt stress and ii). time taken to recover from of chill coma. It is not clear, however, why animals over-expressing ITPa were also not tested for its effect on i). survival when animals are subject to salt stress and ii). time taken to recover from of chill coma. In Figures 6 and S8, the authors show the effects of Gyc76C knockdown in the female fat body on metabolism, feeding-associated behaviours and locomotor activity, which are interesting. Furthermore, the relevance of the phenotypes observed to potential in vivo actions of ITPa is explored in Figure 7. The authors conclude that "increased ITPa signaling results in phenotypes that largely mirror those seen following Gyc76C knockdown in the fat body, providing further support that ITPa mediates its effects via Gyc76C." Use of the term "largely mirror" seems inappropriate here because there are opposing effects- e.g. decreased starvation resistance in Figure 6A versus increased starvation resistance in Figure 7A. Furthermore, as discussed above, the results of these experiments do not prove that the effects of ITPa are mediated by Gyc76C because the effects reported here could be correlative, rather than causative.
Lastly, in Figures 8, S9, and S10 the authors analyse publicly available connectomic data and single-cell transcriptomic data to identify putative inputs and outputs of ITPa-expressing neurons. These data are a valuable addition to our knowledge ITPa expressing neurons; but they do not address the core hypothesis of this paper - namely that Gyc76C acts as an ITPa receptor.
Strengths:
(1) The main strengths of this paper are i) the detailed analysis of the expression and actions of ITP and the phenotypic consequences of over-expression of ITPa in Drosophila. ii). the detailed analysis of the expression of Gyc76C and the phenotypic consequences of knockdown of Gyc76C expression in Drosophila.
(2) Furthermore, the paper is generally well-written and the figures are of good quality.
Weaknesses:
(1) The main weakness of this paper is that the data obtained do not prove that Gyc76C acts as a receptor for ITPa. Therefore, the following statement in the abstract is premature: "Using a phylogenetic-driven approach and the ex vivo secretion assay, we identified and functionally characterized Gyc76C, a membrane guanylate cyclase, as an elusive Drosophila ITPa receptor." Further experimental studies are needed to determine if Gyc76C acts as a receptor for ITPa. In the section of the paper headed "Limitations of the study", the authors recognise this weakness. They state "While our phylogenetic analysis, anatomical mapping, and ex vivo and in vivo functional studies all indicate that Gyc76C functions as an ITPa receptor in Drosophila, we were unable to verify that ITPa directly binds to Gyc76C. This was largely due to the lack of a robust and sensitive reporter system to monitor mGC activation." It is not clear what the authors mean by "the lack of a robust and sensitive reporter system to monitor mGC activation". The discovery of mGCs as receptors for ANP in mammals was dependent on the use of assays that measure GC activity in cells (e.g. by measuring cGMP levels in cells). Furthermore, more recently cGMP reporters have been developed. The use of such assays is needed here to investigate directly whether Gyc76C acts as a receptor for ITPa. In summary, insufficient evidence has been obtained to conclude that Gyc76C acts as a receptor for ITPa. Therefore, I think there are two ways forward, either:
(a) The authors obtain additional biochemical evidence that ITPa is a ligand for Gyc76C.
or
(b) The authors substantially revise the conclusions of the paper (in the title, abstract, and throughout the paper) to state that Gyc76C MAY act as a receptor for ITPa, but that additional experiments are needed to prove this.(2) The authors state in the abstract that a phylogenetic-driven approach led to their identification of Gyc76C as a candidate receptor for ITPa. However, there are weaknesses in this claim. Firstly, because the hypothesis that Gyc76C may be involved in mediating effects of ITPa was first proposed ten years ago by Nagai et al. 2014, so this surely was the primary basis for investigating this protein. Nevertheless, investigating if there is correspondence in the phylogenetic distribution of ITP-type and Gyc76C-type genes/proteins is a valuable approach to addressing this issue. Unfortunately, the evidence presented is rather limited in scope. Essentially, the authors report that they only found ITP-type and Gyc76C-type genes/proteins in protostomes, but not in deuterostomes. What is needed is a more fine-grained analysis at the species level within the protostomes. Thus, are there protostome species in which both ITP-type and Gyc76C-type genes/proteins have been lost? Furthermore, are there any protostome species in which an ITP-type gene is present but an Gyc76C-type gene is absent, or vice versa? If there are protostome species in which an ITP-type gene is present but a Gyc76C-type gene is absent or vice versa, this would argue against Gyc76C being a receptor for ITPa. In this regard, it is noteworthy that in Figure 2A there are two ITP-type precursors in C. elegans, but there are no Gyc76C-type proteins shown in the tree in Figure 2B. Thus, what is needed is a more detailed analysis of protostomes to investigate if there really is correspondence in the phylogenetic distribution of Gyc76C-type and ITP-type genes at the species level.
(3) The manuscript would benefit from a more comprehensive overview and discussion of published literature on Gyc76C in Drosophila, both as a basis for this study and for interpretation of the findings of this study.
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Reviewer #3 (Public Review):
Summary:
The goal of this paper is to characterize an anti-diuretic signaling system in insects using Drosophila melanogaster as a model. Specifically, the authors wished to characterize a role of ion transport peptide (ITP) and its isoforms in regulating diverse aspects of physiology and metabolism. The authors combined genetic and comparative genomic approaches with classical physiological techniques and biochemical assays to provide a comprehensive analysis of ITP and its role in regulating fluid balance and metabolic homeostasis in Drosophila. The authors further characterized a previously unrecognized role for Gyc76C as a receptor for ITPa, an amidated isoform of ITP, and in mediating the effects of ITPa on fluid balance and metabolism. The evidence presented in favor of this model is very strong as it …
Reviewer #3 (Public Review):
Summary:
The goal of this paper is to characterize an anti-diuretic signaling system in insects using Drosophila melanogaster as a model. Specifically, the authors wished to characterize a role of ion transport peptide (ITP) and its isoforms in regulating diverse aspects of physiology and metabolism. The authors combined genetic and comparative genomic approaches with classical physiological techniques and biochemical assays to provide a comprehensive analysis of ITP and its role in regulating fluid balance and metabolic homeostasis in Drosophila. The authors further characterized a previously unrecognized role for Gyc76C as a receptor for ITPa, an amidated isoform of ITP, and in mediating the effects of ITPa on fluid balance and metabolism. The evidence presented in favor of this model is very strong as it combines multiple approaches and employs ideal controls. Taken together, these findings represent an important contribution to the field of insect neuropeptides and neurohormones and have strong relevance for other animals.
Strengths:
Many approaches are used to support their model. Experiments were well-controlled, used appropriate statistical analyses, and were interpreted properly and without exaggeration.
Weaknesses:
No major weaknesses were identified by this reviewer. More evidence to support their model would be gained by using a loss-of-function approach with ITPa, and by providing more direct evidence that Gyc76C is the receptor that mediates the effects of ITPa on fat metabolism. However, these weaknesses do not detract from the overall quality of the evidence presented in this manuscript, which is very strong.
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