Enkephalin-mediated modulation of basal somatic sensitivity by regulatory T cells in mice

  1. Nicolas Aubert
  2. Madeleine Purcarea
  3. Marie Fornier
  4. Léonie Cagnet
  5. Marie Naturel
  6. Armanda Casrouge
  7. Gilles Dietrich
  8. Marie-Caroline Dieu-Nosjean
  9. Gilles Marodon

  • Curated by eLife

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    eLife assessment

    This study presents a valuable finding on a new role of Foxp3+ regulatory T cells in sensory perception, which may have an impact on our understanding of somatosensory perception. The authors identified a previously unappreciated action of enkephalins released by immune cells in the resolution of pain and several upstream signals that can regulate the expression of the proenkephalin gene PENK in Foxp3+ Tregs. However, whereas the generation of transgenic mice with conditional deletion of PENK in Foxp3+ cells and PENK fate-mapping is novel and generates compelling data, they show an incomplete analysis of Tregs in the control and transgenic mice, proper tamoxifen controls nor the role of PENK+ skin T cells to further support their hypothesis. Nonetheless, the study would be of interest to the biologists working in the field of neuroimmunology and inflammation.

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Abstract

CD4 + CD25 + Foxp3 + regulatory T cells (Treg) have been implicated in pain modulation in various inflammatory conditions. However, the mechanisms by which Treg hamper pain are still unclear. From a meta-analysis of 11 available transcriptomes, we show that the proenkephalin gene ( Penk) which encodes the precursor of analgesic opioid peptides, is among the top 10 genes enriched in murine Treg relative to conventional T cells (Tconv). We then show that Penk expression in Treg is under the control of TNFR signaling and the transcription factor BATF. Using mice in which Penk mRNA expression can be tracked with a fluorescent reporter, we also show that Penk expression is restricted to Treg and activated Tconv in non-inflammatory conditions in all examined organs and tissues. Furthermore, inducible ablation of Penk in Treg leads to heat hyperalgesia for both male and female mice. Overall, our results indicate that TNFR signaling and BATF regulation of Penk in Treg might play a key role at modulating basal somatic sensitivity in mice.

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  1. Version published to 10.7554/elife.91359.1 on eLife
  2. Version published to 10.7554/elife.91359 on eLife
  3. eLife

    Author Response

    eLife assessment

    This study presents a valuable finding on a new role of Foxp3+ regulatory T cells in sensory perception, which may have an impact on our understanding of somatosensory perception. The authors identified a previously unappreciated action of enkephalins released by immune cells in the resolution of pain and several upstream signals that can regulate the expression of the proenkephalin gene PENK in Foxp3+ Tregs. However, whereas the generation of transgenic mice with conditional deletion of PENK in Foxp3+ cells and PENK fate-mapping is novel and generates compelling data, they show an incomplete analysis of Tregs in the control and transgenic mice, proper tamoxifen controls nor the role of PENK+ skin T cells to further support their hypothesis. Nonetheless, the study would be of interest to the biologists working in the field of neuroimmunology and inflammation.

    Public Reviews:

    Reviewer #1 (Public Review):

    Summary:

    The authors explore mechanisms through which T-regs attenuate acute pain using a heat sensitivity paradigm. Analysis of available transcriptomic data revealed expression on the proenkephalin (Penk) gene in T-regs. The authors explore the contribution of T-reg Penk in the resolution of heat sensitivity.

    Strengths:

    Investigating the potential role of T-reg Penk in the resolution of acute pain is a strength.

    Weaknesses:

    The overall experimental design is superficial and lacks sufficient rigor to draw any meaningful conclusions.

    For instance:

    1. The were no TAM controls. What is the evidence that TAM does not alter heat-sensitive receptors.

    Author response : By comparing panel A and C, it appears that heat-sensitivity in controls (blue dots) is slightly different before and after TMX administration, suggesting that heat-sensitive receptors are moderately altered by TMX per se. However, heat sensitivity is increased by two fold in KO animals. Thus, a possible effect of TAM on heat receptors is not responsible for the heat hyperalgesia seen in KO, as shown in figure 4 and S3.

    1. There are no controls demonstrating that recombination actually occurred. How do the authors know a single dose of TAM is sufficient?

    Author response : these experiments are in progress. Specificity of the deletion will be presented in an updated version of the manuscript in the near future.

    1. Why was only heat sensitivity assessed? The behavioral tests are inadequate to derive any meaningful conclusions. Further, why wasn't the behavioral data plotted longitudinally

    Author response : We respectfuly point the reviewer to figure S3 where the longitudinal data are presented. New behavorial tests are being performed. The results will be presented in a revised version.

    Reviewer #2 (Public Review):

    Summary:

    The present study addresses the role of enkephalins, which are specifically expressed by regulatory T cells (Treg), in sensory perception in mice. The authors used a combination of transcriptomic databases available online to characterize the molecular signature of Treg. The proenkephalin gene Penk is among the most enriched transcripts, suggesting that Treg plays an analgesic role through the release of endogenous opioids. In addition, in silico analysis suggests that Penk is regulated by the TNFR superfamily; this being experimentally confirmed. Using flow cytometry analysis, the authors then show that Penk is mostly expressed in Treg of the skin and colon, compared to other immune cells. Finally, genetic conditional excision of Penk, selectively in Treg, results in heat hypersensitivity, as assessed by behavior analysis.

    Strengths:

    The manuscript is clear and reveals a previously unappreciated role of enkephalins, as released by immune cells, in sensory perception. The rationale in this manuscript is easy to follow, and conclusions are well supported by data.

    Weaknesses:

    The sensory deficit of Penk cKO appears to be quite limited compared to control littermates.

    Reviewer #3 (Public Review):

    Summary:

    Aubert et al investigated the role of PENK in regulatory T cells. Through the mining of publicly available transcriptome data, the authors confirmed that PENK expression is selectively enriched in regulatory but not conventional T cells. Further data mining suggested that OX40, 4-1BB as well as BATF, can regulate PENK expression in Tregs. The authors generated fate-mapping mice to confirm selective PENK expression in Tregs and activated effector T cells in the colon and spleen. Interestingly, transgenic mice with conditional deletion of PENK in Tregs resulted in hypersensitivity to heat, which the authors attributed to heat hyperalgesia.

    Strengths:

    The generation of transgenic mice with conditional deletion of PENK in foxp3 and PENK fate-mapping is novel and can potentially yield significant findings. The identification of upstream signals that regulate PENK is interesting but unlikely to be the main reason why PENK is predominantly expressed in Tregs as both BATF and TNFR are expressed in effector T cells.

    Weaknesses:

    There is a lack of direct evidence and detailed analysis of Tregs in the control and transgenic mice to support the authors' hypothesis. PENK was previously reported to be expressed in skin Tregs and play a significant role in regulating skin homeostasis: this should be considered as an alternative mechanism that may explain the changed sensitivity to heat observed in the paper.

    Author response : Supplementary figures are being prepared and new results are being collected to show that the KO do not perturb immune and/or skin homeostasis at the time of the experiments. These will be presented in a revised version.

  4. eLife

    eLife assessment

    This study presents a valuable finding on a new role of Foxp3+ regulatory T cells in sensory perception, which may have an impact on our understanding of somatosensory perception. The authors identified a previously unappreciated action of enkephalins released by immune cells in the resolution of pain and several upstream signals that can regulate the expression of the proenkephalin gene PENK in Foxp3+ Tregs. However, whereas the generation of transgenic mice with conditional deletion of PENK in Foxp3+ cells and PENK fate-mapping is novel and generates compelling data, they show an incomplete analysis of Tregs in the control and transgenic mice, proper tamoxifen controls nor the role of PENK+ skin T cells to further support their hypothesis. Nonetheless, the study would be of interest to the biologists working in the field of neuroimmunology and inflammation.

  5. eLife

    Reviewer #1 (Public Review):

    Summary:
    The authors explore mechanisms through which T-regs attenuate acute pain using a heat sensitivity paradigm. Analysis of available transcriptomic data revealed expression on the proenkephalin (Penk) gene in T-regs. The authors explore the contribution of T-reg Penk in the resolution of heat sensitivity.

    Strengths:
    Investigating the potential role of T-reg Penk in the resolution of acute pain is a strength.

    Weaknesses:
    The overall experimental design is superficial and lacks sufficient rigor to draw any meaningful conclusions.

    For instance:

    1. The were no TAM controls. What is the evidence that TAM does not alter heat-sensitive receptors.
    2. There are no controls demonstrating that recombination actually occurred. How do the authors know a single dose of TAM is sufficient?
    3. Why was only heat sensitivity assessed? The behavioral tests are inadequate to derive any meaningful conclusions. Further, why wasn't the behavioral data plotted longitudinally
  6. eLife

    Reviewer #2 (Public Review):

    Summary:
    The present study addresses the role of enkephalins, which are specifically expressed by regulatory T cells (Treg), in sensory perception in mice. The authors used a combination of transcriptomic databases available online to characterize the molecular signature of Treg. The proenkephalin gene Penk is among the most enriched transcripts, suggesting that Treg plays an analgesic role through the release of endogenous opioids. In addition, in silico analysis suggests that Penk is regulated by the TNFR superfamily; this being experimentally confirmed. Using flow cytometry analysis, the authors then show that Penk is mostly expressed in Treg of the skin and colon, compared to other immune cells. Finally, genetic conditional excision of Penk, selectively in Treg, results in heat hypersensitivity, as assessed by behavior analysis.

    Strengths:
    The manuscript is clear and reveals a previously unappreciated role of enkephalins, as released by immune cells, in sensory perception. The rationale in this manuscript is easy to follow, and conclusions are well supported by data.

    Weaknesses:
    The sensory deficit of Penk cKO appears to be quite limited compared to control littermates.

  7. eLife

    Reviewer #3 (Public Review):

    Summary:
    Aubert et al investigated the role of PENK in regulatory T cells. Through the mining of publicly available transcriptome data, the authors confirmed that PENK expression is selectively enriched in regulatory but not conventional T cells. Further data mining suggested that OX40, 4-1BB as well as BATF, can regulate PENK expression in Tregs. The authors generated fate-mapping mice to confirm selective PENK expression in Tregs and activated effector T cells in the colon and spleen. Interestingly, transgenic mice with conditional deletion of PENK in Tregs resulted in hypersensitivity to heat, which the authors attributed to heat hyperalgesia.

    Strengths:
    The generation of transgenic mice with conditional deletion of PENK in foxp3 and PENK fate-mapping is novel and can potentially yield significant findings. The identification of upstream signals that regulate PENK is interesting but unlikely to be the main reason why PENK is predominantly expressed in Tregs as both BATF and TNFR are expressed in effector T cells.

    Weaknesses:
    There is a lack of direct evidence and detailed analysis of Tregs in the control and transgenic mice to support the authors' hypothesis. PENK was previously reported to be expressed in skin Tregs and play a significant role in regulating skin homeostasis: this should be considered as an alternative mechanism that may explain the changed sensitivity to heat observed in the paper.

  8. Version published to 10.1101/2023.09.12.557326v1 on bioRxiv