The targeted cytosolic degradation of class I histone deacetylases is essential for efficient alphaherpesvirus replication
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eLife Assessment
In this study, the authors describe the degradation of HDACs in late HSV-1 infection and attempt to link this phenomenon to HDAC export to the cytoplasm and to DNA damage response. However, the evidence is incomplete, as many of the experiments are lacking in rigor. As a result, mechanistic links to the proposed model are weak.
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Abstract
Viral infection triggers a robust DNA damage response (DDR), reshaping the host chromatin landscape to facilitate viral replication. Here, we uncover a novel mechanism by which alphaherpesviruses exploit the DDR pathway. We demonstrated that herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) and pseudorabies virus (PRV) induced selective degradation of class I histone deacetylases (HDAC1/2), leading to histone hyperacetylation and subsequent DDR activation. Strikingly, viral infection promoted nuclear export of HDAC1/2, followed by MDM2-mediated K63-linked polyubiquitination and proteasomal degradation in the cytoplasm. Pharmacological inhibition of either DDR signaling or HDAC1/2 nuclear export significantly affected viral replication in vitro and in vivo. Our findings reveal a unique viral strategy to hijack host epigenetic regulation for efficient replication and identify potential therapeutic targets for alphaherpesvirus infections.
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eLife Assessment
In this study, the authors describe the degradation of HDACs in late HSV-1 infection and attempt to link this phenomenon to HDAC export to the cytoplasm and to DNA damage response. However, the evidence is incomplete, as many of the experiments are lacking in rigor. As a result, mechanistic links to the proposed model are weak.
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Reviewer #1 (Public review):
Summary:
In this study, the authors propose that HSV-1 infection degrades the class I histone deacetylases HDAC1 and HDAC2. The MDM2 E3 ubiquitin ligase from the DNA damage response pathway is responsible for ubiquitinating these HDACs that are subsequently degraded via proteasomes. The authors hypothesize that HDAC degradation will cause hyperacetylation of viral chromatin and enable viral gene transcription.
Strengths:
The ubiquitination of HDAC1 & HDAC2 by Mdm2 and the mapping studies are clear.
Weaknesses:
(1) Degradation of HDACs is observed late, at least 12-24 h post-infection (1 PFU/cell). Viral genes have been transcribed by that point, and the virus has replicated its genome. The kinetics do not match the proposed model.
(2) The authors need to connect these findings with their story. As of now, …
Reviewer #1 (Public review):
Summary:
In this study, the authors propose that HSV-1 infection degrades the class I histone deacetylases HDAC1 and HDAC2. The MDM2 E3 ubiquitin ligase from the DNA damage response pathway is responsible for ubiquitinating these HDACs that are subsequently degraded via proteasomes. The authors hypothesize that HDAC degradation will cause hyperacetylation of viral chromatin and enable viral gene transcription.
Strengths:
The ubiquitination of HDAC1 & HDAC2 by Mdm2 and the mapping studies are clear.
Weaknesses:
(1) Degradation of HDACs is observed late, at least 12-24 h post-infection (1 PFU/cell). Viral genes have been transcribed by that point, and the virus has replicated its genome. The kinetics do not match the proposed model.
(2) The authors need to connect these findings with their story. As of now, these findings are correlative. For example, what is the impact of MDM2 depletion on viral gene expression and progeny virus production? Leptomycin B is not specific to the HDAC cytoplasmic translocation, and its effect on the infection could be due to its effect on ICP27.
(3) The time point when the inhibitors were added to the cultures has not been stated in any experiment. If inhibitors were added with the virus, viral gene expression would be blocked.
(4) The authors need to present late gene expression data in all the experiments where drugs have been used.
(5) Figure 1A, ICP4 is not detected up to 12 hours post-infection of HeLa cells with 1 PFU/cell. This cannot be true.
(6) Leptomycin B blocks nuclear/cytoplasmic shuttling of ICP27 that brings viral mRNAs to the cytoplasm to be translated. So, the effect of LMB is not specific to the HDACs.
(7) The key experiment is to use the degradation-resistant form of HDAC1 to evaluate its impact on viral gene transcription.
(8) In the experiment where Mdm2 was depleted, the authors need to demonstrate the effect on the infection. ICP4 expression is not enough. How about growth curves? After Mdm2 depletion, ICP4 expression increases, which may contradict the authors' findings. An analysis of alpha and gamma gene expression is important.
(9) Why did the authors analyze a liver HSV-1 infection and not a more relevant skin infection?
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Reviewer #2 (Public review):
Summary:
The authors discovered that HDAC1/2 are degraded in HSV-1 and PRV infections. They attempted to establish a new mechanism by which HDAC1/2 are translocated to the cytoplasm to be degraded in HSV-1 infection, and the degradation causes changes in histone acetylation to affect the DDR pathway.
Strength:
(1) Interesting findings of HDAC1/2 degradation during HSV-1 and PRV infection, and it may impact more than the virology field.
(2) Significant work to identify the ubiquitin site in HDAC1/2 and K63 linkage.
Weaknesses:
(1) Insufficient evidence to support the mechanism described by the authors.
(2) Expansion of the conclusion to alphaherpesvirus without studying the intended mechanism in PRV infection.
Overall, there may be a correlation between HDAC1/2 level, ATM/ATR phosphorylation, and HDAC1 …
Reviewer #2 (Public review):
Summary:
The authors discovered that HDAC1/2 are degraded in HSV-1 and PRV infections. They attempted to establish a new mechanism by which HDAC1/2 are translocated to the cytoplasm to be degraded in HSV-1 infection, and the degradation causes changes in histone acetylation to affect the DDR pathway.
Strength:
(1) Interesting findings of HDAC1/2 degradation during HSV-1 and PRV infection, and it may impact more than the virology field.
(2) Significant work to identify the ubiquitin site in HDAC1/2 and K63 linkage.
Weaknesses:
(1) Insufficient evidence to support the mechanism described by the authors.
(2) Expansion of the conclusion to alphaherpesvirus without studying the intended mechanism in PRV infection.
Overall, there may be a correlation between HDAC1/2 level, ATM/ATR phosphorylation, and HDAC1 translocation during the HSV-1 infection. However, core evidence supporting the mechanism that a) HDAC1 export causes its degradation, b) degradation of HDAC1 causes histone acetylation changes and DRR activation has not been sufficiently demonstrated.
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Reviewer #3 (Public review):
The authors state that infection of cells by the alphaherpesviruses HSV-1 or PRV leads to a proteosome-dependent reduction in levels of HDAC1 and HDAC2 and that this leads to chromatin hyperacetylation, a DNA damage response, and greater replication of these viruses. Previously, other authors reported no change in levels of HDAC1 and HDAC2 after HSV-1 infection of human cells, but this paper is neither cited nor commented on in this new submission. The experiments are poorly designed. For instance, most of the time points analysed are way beyond the time needed for HSV-1 replication and are therefore not biologically relevant. The infections are done with a dose of virus that does not ensure that all cells are infected synchronously, but rather infection spreads from cell to cell with multiple rounds of …
Reviewer #3 (Public review):
The authors state that infection of cells by the alphaherpesviruses HSV-1 or PRV leads to a proteosome-dependent reduction in levels of HDAC1 and HDAC2 and that this leads to chromatin hyperacetylation, a DNA damage response, and greater replication of these viruses. Previously, other authors reported no change in levels of HDAC1 and HDAC2 after HSV-1 infection of human cells, but this paper is neither cited nor commented on in this new submission. The experiments are poorly designed. For instance, most of the time points analysed are way beyond the time needed for HSV-1 replication and are therefore not biologically relevant. The infections are done with a dose of virus that does not ensure that all cells are infected synchronously, but rather infection spreads from cell to cell with multiple rounds of replication. Some essential controls are missing. Additionally, this reviewer feels that the data presented do not support the conclusions drawn. Currently, links are not established between a reduction in HDAC1/ 2 and other phenomena such as hyperacetylation of histones, a DDR, and altered virus replication. The paper does not identify which HSV or PRV protein(s) induce reduction in HDACs, nor how the HDACs mediate antiviral activity; what are the HSV-1 or PRV protein targets? Lastly, the paper is not well prepared, and it does not adequately refer to prior literature.
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