Acute opioid responses are modulated by dynamic interactions of Oprm1 and Fgf12
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eLife Assessment
This study integrates large-scale behavioral, genetic, and molecular analyses in animal models to investigate morphine response. Utilizing high-quality, time-series Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL) mapping, the work provides compelling evidential support for novel, time-dependent genetic interactions (epistasis). A fundamental result of this rigorous analysis is the discovery of a novel Oprm1-Fgf12-MAPK signaling pathway, which offers new insights into the mechanisms of opioid sensitivity.
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Abstract
Exploring the molecular genetic cascades responsible for behavioral responses to opioids can improve our understanding of drug use initiation. We generated high-precision time-series data for 105 morphine- and naloxone-related traits across ∼700 young adult BXD mice (64 diverse strains and both sexes) for 3 hours after a single morphine injection. Variations in responses were mapped using high precision sequencing-based genotypes. The initial locomotor responses to morphine map precisely to the µ opioid receptor gene (MOR or Oprm1) on chromosome (Chr) 10 with a peak linkage of 12.4 (–log10P). The B allele inherited from C57BL/6J is associated with up to 60% higher activity. This effect climaxes at 75 min but is exhausted by 160 min. A second major modulator of opioid activation emerges after about 100 min and is located on Chr 16 with peak linkages of 10.6 (–log10P) in females, also associated with a high B allele. This locus includes only one compelling candidate—fibroblast growth factor 12 (Fgf12), a 600 Kb gene that controls sodium current kinetics at the axon hillock. A strong and transient epistatic interaction exists between the Oprm1 and Fgf12 loci during a short time window (45–75 min). The combination of a B haplotype at Oprm1 with a D haplotype from DBA/2J at Fgf12 is associated with unusually high activity. In a complementary study in heterogeneous stock rats we demonstrate that Oprm1 and Fgf12 are co-expressed in one specific subtype of Drd1+ medium spiny neuron. A Bayesian network analysis supports an Oprm1-to-Fgf12 network that involves a MAP kinase cascade—Mapk8ip2, Map3k11, and Map3k12—that we hypothesize modulates FGF12 phosphorylation, Nav1.2 sodium channel state, and locomotor activation. OPRM1 and FGF12 networks in human GWAS data highlight enrichment of signals associated with substance use disorder. This is the first demonstration of a time-dependent epistatic interaction modulating drug response in mammals and the first linkage of Fgf12 to opioid sensitivity and potentially to sodium channel activity.
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eLife Assessment
This study integrates large-scale behavioral, genetic, and molecular analyses in animal models to investigate morphine response. Utilizing high-quality, time-series Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL) mapping, the work provides compelling evidential support for novel, time-dependent genetic interactions (epistasis). A fundamental result of this rigorous analysis is the discovery of a novel Oprm1-Fgf12-MAPK signaling pathway, which offers new insights into the mechanisms of opioid sensitivity.
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Reviewer #1 (Public review):
Summary:
The study by Lemen et al. represents a comprehensive and unique analysis of gene networks in rat models of opioid use disorder, using multiple strains and both sexes. It provides a time-series analysis of Quantitative Trait Loci (QTLs) in response to morphine exposure.
Strengths:
A key finding is the identification of a previously unknown morphine-sensitive pathway involving Oprm1 and Fgf12, which activates a cascade through MAPK kinases in D1 medium spiny neurons (MSNs). Strengths include the large-scale, multi-strain, sex-inclusive design, the time-series QTL mapping provides dynamic insights, and the discovery of an Oprm1-Fgf12-MAPK signaling pathway in D1 MSNs, which is novel and relevant.
Weaknesses:
(1) The proposed involvement of Nav1.2 (SCN2A) as a downstream target of the Oprm1-Fgf12 …
Reviewer #1 (Public review):
Summary:
The study by Lemen et al. represents a comprehensive and unique analysis of gene networks in rat models of opioid use disorder, using multiple strains and both sexes. It provides a time-series analysis of Quantitative Trait Loci (QTLs) in response to morphine exposure.
Strengths:
A key finding is the identification of a previously unknown morphine-sensitive pathway involving Oprm1 and Fgf12, which activates a cascade through MAPK kinases in D1 medium spiny neurons (MSNs). Strengths include the large-scale, multi-strain, sex-inclusive design, the time-series QTL mapping provides dynamic insights, and the discovery of an Oprm1-Fgf12-MAPK signaling pathway in D1 MSNs, which is novel and relevant.
Weaknesses:
(1) The proposed involvement of Nav1.2 (SCN2A) as a downstream target of the Oprm1-Fgf12 pathway requires further analysis/evidence. Is Nav1.2 (SCN2A) expressed in D1 neurons?
The authors mentioned that SCN8A (Nav1.6) was tested as a candidate mediator of Oprm1-Fgf12 loci and variation in locomotor activity. However, the proposed model supports SCN2A as a target rather than SCN8A. This is somewhat unexpected since SCN8A is highly abundant in MSN.
Can the authors provide expression data for SCN2A, Oprm1, and Fgf12 in D1 vs. D2 MSNs?
(2) The authors should consider adding a reference to FGF12 in Schizophrenia (PMC8027596) in the Introduction.
(3) There is recent evidence supporting the druggability of other intracellular FGFs, such as FGF14 (PMC11696184) and FGF13 (PMC12259270), through their interactions with Nav channels. What are the implications of these findings for drug discovery in the context of the present study? Could FGF12 be considered a potential druggable therapeutic target for opioid use disorder (OUD)?
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Reviewer #2 (Public review):
Summary:
This highly novel and significant manuscript re-analyzes behavioral QTL data derived from morphine locomotor activity in the BXD recombinant inbred panel. The combination of interacting behavioral-pharmacology (morphine and naltrexone) time course data, high-resolution mouse genetic analyses, genetic analysis of gene expression (eQTLs), cross-species analysis with human gene expression and genetic data, and molecular modeling approaches with Bayesian network analysis produces new information on loci modulating morphine locomotor activity.
Furthermore, the identification of time-wise epistatic interactions between the Oprm1 and Fgf12 loci is highly novel and points to methodological approaches for identifying other epistatic interactions using animal model genetic studies.
Strengths:
(1) Use of …
Reviewer #2 (Public review):
Summary:
This highly novel and significant manuscript re-analyzes behavioral QTL data derived from morphine locomotor activity in the BXD recombinant inbred panel. The combination of interacting behavioral-pharmacology (morphine and naltrexone) time course data, high-resolution mouse genetic analyses, genetic analysis of gene expression (eQTLs), cross-species analysis with human gene expression and genetic data, and molecular modeling approaches with Bayesian network analysis produces new information on loci modulating morphine locomotor activity.
Furthermore, the identification of time-wise epistatic interactions between the Oprm1 and Fgf12 loci is highly novel and points to methodological approaches for identifying other epistatic interactions using animal model genetic studies.
Strengths:
(1) Use of state-of-the art genetic tools for mapping behavioral phenotypes in mouse models.
(2) Adequately powered analysis incorporating both sexes and time course analyses.
(3) Detection of time and sex-dependent interactions of two QTL loci modulating morphine locomotor activity.
(4) Identification of putative candidate genes by combined expression and behavioral genetic analyses.
(5) Use of Bayesian analysis to model causal interactions between multiple genes and behavioral time points.
Weaknesses:
(1) There is a need for careful editing of the text and figures to eliminate multiple typographical and other compositional errors.
(2) There are multiple examples of overstating the possible significance of results that should be corrected or at least directly pointed out as weaknesses in the Discussion. These include:
a) Assumption that the Oprm1 gene is the causal candidate gene for the major morphine locomotor Chr10 QTL at the early time epochs. Oprm1 is 400,000 bp away from the support interval of the Mor10a QTL locus, and there is no mention as to whether the Oprm1 mRNA eQTL overlaps with Mor10a.
b) Although the Bayesian analysis of possible complex interactions between Oprm1, Fgf12, other interacting genes, and behaviors is very innovative and produces testable hypotheses, a more straightforward mediation analysis of causal relationships between genotype, gene expression, and phenotype would have added strength to the arguments for the causal role of these individual genes.
c) The GWAS data analysis for Oprm1 and Fgf12 is incomplete in not mentioning actual significance levels for Oprm1 and perhaps overstating the nominal significance findings for Fgf12.
Appraisal:
The authors largely succeeded in reaching goals with novel findings and methodology.
Significance of Findings:
This study will likely spur future direct experimental studies to test hypotheses generated by this complex analysis. Additionally, the broad methodological approach incorporating time course genetic analyses may encourage other studies to identify epistatic interactions in mouse genetic studies.
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Reviewer #3 (Public review):
Summary:
This is a clearly written paper that describes the reanalysis of data from a BXD study of the locomotor response to morphine and naloxone. The authors detect significant loci and an epistatic interaction between two of those loci. Single-cell data from outbred rats is used to investigate the interaction. The authors also use network methods and incorporate human data into their analysis.
Strengths:
One major strength of this work is the use of granular time-series data, enabling the identification of time-point-specific QTL. This allowed for the identification of an additional, distinct QTL (the Fgf12 locus) in this work compared to previously published analysis of these data, as well as the identification of an epistatic effect between Oprm1 (driving early stages of locomotor activation) and Fgf12 …
Reviewer #3 (Public review):
Summary:
This is a clearly written paper that describes the reanalysis of data from a BXD study of the locomotor response to morphine and naloxone. The authors detect significant loci and an epistatic interaction between two of those loci. Single-cell data from outbred rats is used to investigate the interaction. The authors also use network methods and incorporate human data into their analysis.
Strengths:
One major strength of this work is the use of granular time-series data, enabling the identification of time-point-specific QTL. This allowed for the identification of an additional, distinct QTL (the Fgf12 locus) in this work compared to previously published analysis of these data, as well as the identification of an epistatic effect between Oprm1 (driving early stages of locomotor activation) and Fgf12 (driving later stages).
Weaknesses:
(1) What criteria were used to determine whether the epistatic interaction was significant? How many possible interactions were explored?
(2) Results are presented for males and females separately, but the decision to examine the two sexes separately was never explained or justified. Since it is not standard to perform GWAS broken down by sex, some initial explanation of this decision is needed. Perhaps the discussion could also discuss what (if anything) was learned as a result of the sex-specific analysis. In the end, was it useful?
(3) The confidence intervals for the results were not well described, although I do see them in one of the tables. The authors used a 1.5 support interval, but didn't offer any justification for this decision. Is that a 95% confidence interval? If not, should more consideration have been given to genes outside that interval? For some of the QTLs that are not the focus of this paper, the confidence intervals were very large (>10 Mb). Is that typical for BXDs?
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