Compound Mutations in the Abl1 Kinase Cause Inhibitor Resistance by Shifting DFG Flip Mechanisms and Relative State Populations
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eLife Assessment
This work uses enhanced sampling molecular dynamics methods to generate potentially useful information about a conformational change (the DFG flip) that plays a key role in regulating kinase function and inhibitor binding. The focus of the work is on the mechanism of conformational change and how mutations affect the transition. The evidence supporting the conclusions is incomplete.
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Abstract
The intrinsic dynamics of most proteins are central to their function. Protein tyrosine kinases such as Abl1 undergo significant conformational changes that modulate their activity in response to different stimuli. These conformational changes constitute a conserved mechanism for self-regulation that dramatically impacts kinases’ affinities for inhibitors. Few studies have attempted to extensively sample the pathways and elucidate the mechanisms that underlie kinase inactivation. In large part, this is a consequence of the steep energy barriers associated with many kinase conformational changes, which present a significant obstacle for computational studies using traditional simulation methods. Seeking to bridge this knowledge gap, we present a thorough analysis of the “DFG flip” inactivation pathway in Abl1 kinase. By leveraging the power of the Weighted Ensemble methodology, which accelerates sampling without the use of biasing forces, we have comprehensively simulated DFG flip events in Abl1 and its inhibitor-resistant variants, revealing a rugged landscape punctuated by potentially druggable intermediate states. Through our strategy, we successfully simulated dozens of uncorrelated DFG flip events distributed along two principal pathways, identified the molecular mechanisms that govern them, and measured their relative probabilities. Further, we show that the compound Glu255Lys/Val Thr315Ile Abl1 variants owe their inhibitor resistance phenotype to an increase in the free energy barrier associated with completing the DFG flip. This barrier stabilizes Abl1 variants in conformations that can lead to loss of binding for Type-II inhibitors such as Imatinib or Ponatinib. Finally, we contrast our Abl1 observations with the relative state distributions and propensity for undergoing a DFG flip of evolutionarily-related protein tyrosine kinases with diverging Type-II inhibitor binding affinities. Altogether, we expect that our work will be of significant importance for protein tyrosine kinase inhibitor discovery, while also furthering our understanding of how enzymes self-regulate through highly-conserved molecular switches.
Article activity feed
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eLife Assessment
This work uses enhanced sampling molecular dynamics methods to generate potentially useful information about a conformational change (the DFG flip) that plays a key role in regulating kinase function and inhibitor binding. The focus of the work is on the mechanism of conformational change and how mutations affect the transition. The evidence supporting the conclusions is incomplete.
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Reviewer #1 (Public review):
Summary:
The authors used weighted ensemble enhanced sampling molecular dynamics (MD) to test the hypothesis that a double mutant of Abl favors the DFG-in state relative to the WT and therefore causes the drug resistance to imatinib.
Strengths:
The authors employed the state-of-the-art weighted ensemble MD simulations with three novel progress coordinates to explore the conformational changes the DFG motif of Abl kinase. The hypothesis regarding the double mutant's drug resistance is novel.
Weaknesses:
The study contains many uncertain aspects. A major revision is needed to strengthen the support for the conclusions.
(1) Specifically, the authors need to define the DFG conformation using criteria accepted in the field, for example, see https://klifs.net/index.php.
(2) Convergence needs to be demonstrated for …
Reviewer #1 (Public review):
Summary:
The authors used weighted ensemble enhanced sampling molecular dynamics (MD) to test the hypothesis that a double mutant of Abl favors the DFG-in state relative to the WT and therefore causes the drug resistance to imatinib.
Strengths:
The authors employed the state-of-the-art weighted ensemble MD simulations with three novel progress coordinates to explore the conformational changes the DFG motif of Abl kinase. The hypothesis regarding the double mutant's drug resistance is novel.
Weaknesses:
The study contains many uncertain aspects. A major revision is needed to strengthen the support for the conclusions.
(1) Specifically, the authors need to define the DFG conformation using criteria accepted in the field, for example, see https://klifs.net/index.php.
(2) Convergence needs to be demonstrated for estimating the population difference between different conformational states.
(3) The DFG flip needs to be sampled several times to establish free energy difference.
(4) The free energy plots do not appear to show an intermediate state as claimed.
(5) The trajectory length of 7 ns in both Figure 2 and Figure 4 needs to be verified, as it is extremely short for a DFG flip that has a high free energy barrier.
(6) The free energy scale (100 kT) appears to be one order of magnitude too large.
(7) Setting the DFG-Asp to the protonated state is not justified, because in the DFG-in state, the DFG-Asp is clearly deprotonated.
(8) Finally, the authors should discuss their work in the context of the enormous progress made in theoretical studies and mechanistic understanding of the conformational landscape of protein kinases in the last two decades, particularly with regard to the DFG flip.
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Reviewer #2 (Public review):
Summary:
This is a well-written manuscript on the mechanism of the DFG flip in kinases. This conformational change is important for the toggling of kinases between active (DFG-in) and inactive (DFG-out) states. The relative probabilities of these two states are also an important determinant of the affinity of inhibitors for a kinase. However, it is an extremely slow/rare conformational change, making it difficult to capture in simulations. The authors show that weighted ensemble simulations can capture the DFG flip and then delve into the mechanism of this conformational change and the effects of mutations.
Strengths:
The DFG flip is very hard to capture in simulations. Showing that this can be done with relatively little simulation by using enhanced sampling is a valuable contribution. The manuscript gives …
Reviewer #2 (Public review):
Summary:
This is a well-written manuscript on the mechanism of the DFG flip in kinases. This conformational change is important for the toggling of kinases between active (DFG-in) and inactive (DFG-out) states. The relative probabilities of these two states are also an important determinant of the affinity of inhibitors for a kinase. However, it is an extremely slow/rare conformational change, making it difficult to capture in simulations. The authors show that weighted ensemble simulations can capture the DFG flip and then delve into the mechanism of this conformational change and the effects of mutations.
Strengths:
The DFG flip is very hard to capture in simulations. Showing that this can be done with relatively little simulation by using enhanced sampling is a valuable contribution. The manuscript gives a nice description of the background for non-experts.
Weaknesses:
I was disappointed by the anecdotal approach to presenting the results. Molecular processes are stochastic and the authors have expertise in describing such processes. However, they chose to put most statistical analysis in the SI. The main text instead describes the order of events in single "representative" trajectories. The main text makes it sound like these were most selected as they were continuous trajectories from the weighted ensemble simulations. I would much rather hear a description of the highest probability pathway(s) with some quantification of how probable they are. That would give the reader a clear sense of how representative the events described are.
I appreciated the discussion of the strengths/weaknesses of weighted ensemble simulations. Am I correct that this method doesn't do anything to explicitly enhance sampling along orthogonal degrees of freedom? Maybe a point worth mentioning if so.
I don't understand Figure 3C. Could the authors instead show structures corresponding to each of the states in 3B, and maybe also a representative structure for pathways 1 and 2?
Why introduce S1 and DFG-inter? And why suppose that DFG-inter is what corresponds to the excited state seen by NMR?
It would be nice to have error bars on the populations reported in Figure 3.
I'm confused by the attempt to relate the relative probabilities of states to the 32 kca/mol barrier previously reported between the states. The barrier height should be related to the probability of a transition. The DFG-out state could be equiprobable with the DFG-in state and still have a 32 kcal/mol barrier separating them.
How do the relative probabilities of the DFG-in/out states compare to experiments, like NMR?
Do the staggered and concerted DFG flip pathways mentioned correspond to pathways 1 and 2 in Figure 3B, or is that a concept from previous literature?
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