Interpreting prediction intervals and distributions for decoding biological generality in meta-analyses
Curation statements for this article:-
Curated by eLife
eLife Assessment
This useful study provides a novel perspective on assessing the generalizability of meta-analytic findings by introducing prediction intervals (and distributions) as tools to evaluate whether future studies will likely yield non-zero effects. The methodology is generally solid, with a thorough exploration of a large set of published meta-analyses that broadens our understanding of between-study heterogeneity. However, some critical details are incomplete, requiring refinement to ensure statistical rigor.
This article has been Reviewed by the following groups
Listed in
- Evaluated articles (eLife)
Abstract
Despite the importance of identifying predictable regularities for knowledge transfer across contexts, the generality of ecological and evolutionary findings is yet to be systematically quantified. We present the first large-scale evaluation of generality using new metrics. By focusing on biologically relevant study levels, we show that generalization is not uncommon. Overall, 20% of meta-analyses will produce a non-zero effect 95% of the time in future replication studies with a 70% probability of observing meaningful effects in study-level contexts. We argue that the misconception that generalization is exceedingly rare is due to conflating within-study and between-study variances in ecological and evolutionary meta-analyses, which results from focusing too much on total heterogeneity (the sum of within-study and between-study variances). We encourage using our proposed approach to elucidate general patterns underpinning ecological and evolutionary phenomena.
Article activity feed
-
eLife Assessment
This useful study provides a novel perspective on assessing the generalizability of meta-analytic findings by introducing prediction intervals (and distributions) as tools to evaluate whether future studies will likely yield non-zero effects. The methodology is generally solid, with a thorough exploration of a large set of published meta-analyses that broadens our understanding of between-study heterogeneity. However, some critical details are incomplete, requiring refinement to ensure statistical rigor.
-
Joint Public Review:
Summary:
This study used a simulation approach with a large-scale compilation of published meta-analytic data sets to address the generalizability of meta-analyses. The authors used prediction interval/distribution as a central tool to evaluate whether future meta-analysis is likely to generate a non-zero effect.
Strengths:
Although the concept of prediction intervals is commonly taught in statistics courses, its application in meta-analysis remains relatively rare. The authors' creative use of this concept, combined with the decomposition of heterogeneity, provides a new perspective for meta-analysts to evaluate the generalizability of their findings. As such, I consider this to be a timely and practically valuable development.
Weaknesses:
First, in their re-analysis of the compiled meta-analytic data to assess …
Joint Public Review:
Summary:
This study used a simulation approach with a large-scale compilation of published meta-analytic data sets to address the generalizability of meta-analyses. The authors used prediction interval/distribution as a central tool to evaluate whether future meta-analysis is likely to generate a non-zero effect.
Strengths:
Although the concept of prediction intervals is commonly taught in statistics courses, its application in meta-analysis remains relatively rare. The authors' creative use of this concept, combined with the decomposition of heterogeneity, provides a new perspective for meta-analysts to evaluate the generalizability of their findings. As such, I consider this to be a timely and practically valuable development.
Weaknesses:
First, in their re-analysis of the compiled meta-analytic data to assess generalizability, the authors used a hierarchical model with only the intercept as a fixed effect. In practice, many meta-analyses include moderators in their models. Ignoring these moderators could result in attributing heterogeneity to unexplained variation at the study or paper level, depending on whether the moderators vary across studies or papers. As a consequence, the prediction interval may be inaccurately wide or narrow, leading to an erroneous assessment of the generalizability of results derived from large meta-analytic data sets. A more accurate approach would be to include the same moderators as in the original meta-analyses and generate prediction intervals that reflect the effects of these moderators.
Second, the authors used a t-distribution to generate the prediction intervals and distributions for the hierarchical meta-analysis model. While the t-distribution is exact for prediction intervals in linear models, it is not strictly appropriate for models with random effects. This discrepancy arises because the variances of random effects must be estimated from the data, and using a t-distribution for prediction intervals does not account for the uncertainty in estimating these variance components. Unless the data is perfectly balanced (i.e., all random effects are nested and sample sizes within each level of the random factor are equal), it is well established that t-distribution (or equivalently, F-distribution) based hypothesis testing and confidence/prediction intervals are typically anti-conservative. As recommended in the linear mixed models literature, bootstrapping methods or some form of degrees-of-freedom correction would be more appropriate for generating prediction intervals in this context.
Finally, the authors define generalizability as the likelihood that a future study will yield a significantly non-zero effect. While this is certainly useful information, it is not necessarily the primary concern for many meta-analyses or individual studies. In fact, many studies aim to understand the mean response or effect within a specific context, rather than focusing on whether a future study will produce a significant result. For many research questions, the concern is not whether a future study will generate a significant finding, but whether the true mean response is different from zero. In this regard, the authors may have overstated the importance of knowing the outcome of a single future study, and framing this as the sole goal of research seems somewhat misguided.
-
-
-
