Diverse somatic Transformer and sex chromosome karyotype pathways regulate gene expression in Drosophila gonad development
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eLife Assessment
This study offers a valuable genomic dataset, analyses, and functional studies on gonadal sex determination and development. The work addresses long-standing questions regarding the role of the Drosophila sex determination hierarchy, sex chromosomes, and the interaction between the sex determination hierarchy and sex chromosome composition in gonad development. Although this convincing work has been conducted rigorously, the authors missed some key opportunities in their analysis.
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Abstract
The somatic sex determination gene transformer ( tra ) is required for the highly sexually dimorphic development of most somatic cells, including those of the gonads. In addition, somatic tra is required for the germline development even though it is not required for sex determination within germ cells. Germ cell autonomous gene expression is also necessary for their sex determination. To understand the interplay between these signals, we compared the phenotype and gene expression of larval wild-type gonads and the sex-transformed tra gonads. XX larval ovaries transformed into testes were dramatically smaller than wild-type, with significant reductions in germ cell number, likely due to altered geometry of the stem cell niche. Additionally, there was a defect in progression into spermatocyte stages. XY larval testes transformed into ovaries had excessive germ cells, possibly due to the earlier onset of cell division. We suggest that germ cells are neither fully female nor male following somatic sex transformation, with certain pathways characteristic of each sex expressed in tra mutants. We found multiple patterns of somatic and germline gene expression control exclusively due to tra , exclusively due to sex chromosome karyotype, but usually due to a combination of these factors showing tra and sex chromosome karyotype pathways regulate gene expression during Drosophila gonad development.
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eLife Assessment
This study offers a valuable genomic dataset, analyses, and functional studies on gonadal sex determination and development. The work addresses long-standing questions regarding the role of the Drosophila sex determination hierarchy, sex chromosomes, and the interaction between the sex determination hierarchy and sex chromosome composition in gonad development. Although this convincing work has been conducted rigorously, the authors missed some key opportunities in their analysis.
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Reviewer #1 (Public review):
Transformer (tra) and Double Sex (dsx) genes influence the differentiation of sexual characteristics in Drosophila. A female-specific Tra protein regulates the dsx pre-mRNA splicing, which is required for the proper development of female-specific germ cells. The dsx gene regulates the development of sexual characteristics in both somatic and germline cells. The female-specific Dsx protein (DsxF) promotes female germline development, whereas the male-specific Dsx protein (DsxM) promotes male germline development. This regulation ensures that the germline cells develop in accordance with the sex karyotype of the organism. Together, they influence the sexual characteristics of both somatic and germline cells. This coordination is vital for fertility and the propagation of the species.
In the article titled, …
Reviewer #1 (Public review):
Transformer (tra) and Double Sex (dsx) genes influence the differentiation of sexual characteristics in Drosophila. A female-specific Tra protein regulates the dsx pre-mRNA splicing, which is required for the proper development of female-specific germ cells. The dsx gene regulates the development of sexual characteristics in both somatic and germline cells. The female-specific Dsx protein (DsxF) promotes female germline development, whereas the male-specific Dsx protein (DsxM) promotes male germline development. This regulation ensures that the germline cells develop in accordance with the sex karyotype of the organism. Together, they influence the sexual characteristics of both somatic and germline cells. This coordination is vital for fertility and the propagation of the species.
In the article titled, "Diverse somatic Transformer and sex chromosome karyotype pathways regulate gene expression in Drosophila gonad development", the authors set out to compare the results of the gene expression patterns in the wild-type and transformed XX and XY germline cells, respectively, with an aim to understand the mechanism underlying the roles of tra and dsx genes. The authors hypothesised that somatic tra expression would be required for germline development and not for sex determination within germ cells. An independent germ cell-autonomous gene expression would be necessary for their sex determination. The authors also argued that the somatic tra activity would signal to germ cells through downstream gene expression for inducing the transformation which could be understood by comparing the phenotype and gene expression of the larval wild-type gonads and the sex-transformed tra gonads. The authors then set out to describe extensive scRNAseq data from different types of larval gonads viz., XX and XY female-type and XY and XX male-type gonads to conclude that sex determination in the germline and somatic cells is a complex process.
Although the manuscript contains a lot of data, some of which could be useful to conclude a novel understanding regarding the abnormal transformation of the XX karyotype germ cells to male gonads, it suffers from incomplete analysis and poor organization. As a consequence, the authors ended up listing a lot of information with no clear conclusions.
The manuscript in its current form is difficult to decipher by uninitiated readers. A thorough revision of the text and the presentation style of the data would significantly improve the message and its acceptance by a wider readership.
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Reviewer #2 (Public review):
The manuscript by Mahadevaraju and colleagues addresses the very interesting question of how sex-specific gene expression is regulated downstream of the sex-determination decision during sexually dimorphic development. Most previous work has been done with adult "endpoint" analysis long after sex-specific gene expression and sex-specific development has been initiated, but this study appropriately focuses on earlier developmental stages. The authors use bulk RNA-seq of ovaries and testes where key sex determination factors have been altered, allowing for a comparison of XX "testes" and XY "ovaries" to their normal XX ovary and XY testis counterparts. This is interesting work that appears to be conducted in a rigorous manner, and will be beneficial for the community. However, I also feel that the authors miss …
Reviewer #2 (Public review):
The manuscript by Mahadevaraju and colleagues addresses the very interesting question of how sex-specific gene expression is regulated downstream of the sex-determination decision during sexually dimorphic development. Most previous work has been done with adult "endpoint" analysis long after sex-specific gene expression and sex-specific development has been initiated, but this study appropriately focuses on earlier developmental stages. The authors use bulk RNA-seq of ovaries and testes where key sex determination factors have been altered, allowing for a comparison of XX "testes" and XY "ovaries" to their normal XX ovary and XY testis counterparts. This is interesting work that appears to be conducted in a rigorous manner, and will be beneficial for the community. However, I also feel that the authors miss some key opportunities in their analysis. In particular, they focus on the sexual state of the germline, which is a very interesting question, but they may actually be more poised to make interesting conclusions about the somatic cells of the gonad.
One issue with the work is that there are no simple conclusions. This is not the fault of the authors or the work but of mother nature, which has made it particularly difficult to parse out the different contributions that regulate germline sex determination-those regulated by the germline's own sex chromosome constitution and those regulated by the sex of the surrounding soma. While this makes a paper more difficult to write and interpret, it is simply the truth, and the authors deal with this complexity very well. One aspect of this work that is more clear than others is that germ cells do not enter, or at least go very far, down the spermatogenesis pathway unless they are XY germ cells in a male soma. This conclusion could be made more clear in the manuscript. The experiment generating genotypes where a Y chromosome is present regardless of X chromosome number or tra state, and then examining kl-3 expression is particularly nice, and makes the point clearly. The authors could be stronger overall about this conclusion.
I also feel that there is a missed opportunity here. The experimental design utilizes sex transformation of the soma, but the manuscript focuses almost entirely on the germline. On one hand, this is problematic since the samples are mixed cell types with very different contributions of the germline to the overall tissue. While they can identify genes that are expressed primarily in the germline in normal males and females and use these for their analysis, there's no way to really tell whether this is also the case in transformed gonads or the total germline contribution to the bulk RNA-seq. I certainly don't discount their germline analysis, but these issues should be made clear in the manuscript. Second, and more important, is the fact that there would seem to be a wealth of changes in somatic gene expression, more directly regulated by the somatic sex determination machinery, that seems ripe for analysis. In addition, nice experiments like the comparison of tra- XX males with dsxD/- XX males, which can beautifully identify genes that are regulated by tra independently of dsx, are only glossed over in the analysis, results, and discussion.
I feel that a better analysis of somatic sexual development would be highly beneficial.
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Reviewer #3 (Public review):
Summary:
This paper is focused on gonad development, with an examination of the role of the Drosophila somatic sex determination hierarchy, sex chromosomes, and the interaction between the sex determination hierarchy and sex chromosome composition. The authors use bulk RNA-seq, long-read RNA-seq, and additional published single-cell RNA-seq data sets to examine gene expression in wild-type male and female gonads and in sex-transformed gonads that have functional alterations of the sex determination hierarchy gene, transformer. In these latter genotypes, the authors generate animals that are chromosomally XX with testes, and chromosomally XY with ovaries. The data were collected from larval gonads, as adults have substantial germ cell loss when sex is transformed. In addition, the authors characterize the …
Reviewer #3 (Public review):
Summary:
This paper is focused on gonad development, with an examination of the role of the Drosophila somatic sex determination hierarchy, sex chromosomes, and the interaction between the sex determination hierarchy and sex chromosome composition. The authors use bulk RNA-seq, long-read RNA-seq, and additional published single-cell RNA-seq data sets to examine gene expression in wild-type male and female gonads and in sex-transformed gonads that have functional alterations of the sex determination hierarchy gene, transformer. In these latter genotypes, the authors generate animals that are chromosomally XX with testes, and chromosomally XY with ovaries. The data were collected from larval gonads, as adults have substantial germ cell loss when sex is transformed. In addition, the authors characterize the cell biology of the gonads using well-established antibody markers and expression patterns. The authors show that there is no simple pathway controlling why the sex of the somatic tissue and germline need to match. Their data clearly show that both sex chromosome karyotype and somatic transformer status regulate gene expression together, with fewer germline gene expression patterns regulated by karyotype alone.
This a complete study where the authors go beyond gene expression and examine impacts on splicing, with one interesting focus on the sex hierarchy splicing factor sex-lethal, and also on the role of the sex hierarchy gene doublesex. Gonad development in sex-transformed animals has been challenging to understand, in terms of the interactions between somatic sex determination, germline sex determination, and karyotype. This paper adds an important step, with high-resolution genomic, molecular, and cellular understanding.
Strengths:
The genomic experiments are rigorously performed, with appropriate replication and statistical analyses. The authors do high-resolution cell biological quantification, with some validation of the genomic results. The authors also provide a webpage for dynamic viewing of feature plots, which will be a valuable resource for colleagues. Overall, the authors do a good job providing context for their readers, especially providing older literature reports and findings.
Weaknesses:
A minor weakness is that they did not provide validation of their newly developed gene-specific reporter tools.
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