MuSK-BMP signaling in adult muscle stem cells maintains quiescence and regulates myofiber size

  1. Laura A Madigan
  2. Diego Jaime
  3. Isabella Chen
  4. Justin R Fallon

  • Curated by eLife

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    eLife Assessment

    This valuable study provides solid support for the participation of the BMP-binding domain of MuSK, a tyrosine kinase mostly known for its role at the neuromuscular junction, in the maintenance and activation of muscle stem cells (SCs). These mononucleated cells, located between the muscle fiber basal lamina and its plasma membrane, are normally quiescent, but following muscle damage, become activated, proliferate, and mediate muscle regeneration. These cells are known to respond to a variety of signaling pathways, but this study makes the case for BMP acting via binding to MuSK in maintaining the quiescent state.

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Abstract

A central question in adult stem cell biology is elucidating the signaling pathways regulating their dynamics and function in diverse physiological and age-related contexts. Muscle stem cells in adults (Satellite Cells; SCs) are generally quiescent but can activate and contribute to muscle repair and growth. Here we tested the role of the MuSK-BMP pathway in regulating adult SC quiescence by deletion of the BMP-binding MuSK Ig3 domain (‘ΔIg3-MuSK’). At 3 months of age SC and myonuclei numbers and myofiber size were comparable to WT. However, at 5 months of age SC density was decreased while myofiber size, myonuclear number and grip strength were increased - indicating that SCs had activated and productively fused into the myofibers over this interval. Transcriptomic analysis showed that SCs from uninjured ΔIg3-MuSK mice exhibit signatures of activation. Regeneration experiments showed that ΔIg3-MuSK SCs maintain full stem cell function. Expression of ΔIg3-MuSK in adult SCs was sufficient to break quiescence and increase myofiber size. We conclude that the MuSK-BMP pathway regulates SC quiescence and myofiber size in a cell autonomous, age-dependent manner. Targeting MuSK-BMP signaling in muscle stem cells thus emerges a therapeutic strategy for promoting muscle growth and function in the settings of injury, disease, and aging.

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  1. Version published to 10.7554/elife.101078.1 on eLife
  2. Version published to 10.7554/elife.101078 on eLife
  3. eLife

    eLife Assessment

    This valuable study provides solid support for the participation of the BMP-binding domain of MuSK, a tyrosine kinase mostly known for its role at the neuromuscular junction, in the maintenance and activation of muscle stem cells (SCs). These mononucleated cells, located between the muscle fiber basal lamina and its plasma membrane, are normally quiescent, but following muscle damage, become activated, proliferate, and mediate muscle regeneration. These cells are known to respond to a variety of signaling pathways, but this study makes the case for BMP acting via binding to MuSK in maintaining the quiescent state.

  4. eLife

    Reviewer #1 (Public review):

    Summary:

    Madigan et al. assembled an interesting study investigating the role of the MuSK-BMP signaling pathway in maintaining adult mouse muscle stem cell (MuSC) quiescence and muscle function before and after trauma. Using a full body and MuSC-specific genetic knockout system, they demonstrate that MuSK is expressed on MuSCs and that eliminating the BMP binding domain from the MuSK gene (i.e., MuSK-IgG KO) in mice at homeostasis leads to reduced PAX7+ cells, increased myonuclear number, and increase myofiber size, which may be due to a deficit in maintaining quiescence. Additionally, after BaCl2 injury, MuSK-IgG KO mice display accelerated repair after 7 days post-injury (dpi) in males only. Finally, RNA profiling using nCounter technology showed that MuSK-IgG KO MuSCs express genes that may be associated with the activated state.

    Strengths:

    Overall, the biology regulating MuSC quiescence is still relatively unexplored, and thus, this work provides a new mechanism controlling this process. The experiments discussed in the paper are technically sound with great complementary mouse models (full body versus tissue-specific mouse KO) used to validate their hypothesis. Additionally, the paper is well written with all the necessary information in the legends, methods, and figures being reported.

    Weaknesses:

    While the data largely supports the author's conclusions, I do have a few points to consider when reading this paper.

    (1) For Figure 1, while I appreciate the author's confirming MuSK RNA and protein in MuSCs, I do think they should (a) quantify the RNA using qPCR and (b) determine the percentage of MuSCs expressing MuSK protein in their single fiber system in multiple biological replicates. This information will help us understand if MuSK is expressed in 1/10 or 10/10 PAX7-expressing MuSCs. Also, it will help place their phenotypes into the right context, especially when considering how much of the PAX7-pool is expressing MuSK from the beginning.

    (2) Throughout the paper the argument is made that MuSK-IgG KO (full body and MuSC-specific KOs) are more activated and/or break quiescence more readily, but there is no attempt to test directly. Therefore, the authors should consider measuring the activation dynamics (i.e., break from quiescence) of MuSCs directly (EdU assays or live-cell imaging) in culture and/or in muscle in vivo (EdU assays) using their various genetic mouse models.

    (3) For Figure 2, given that mice are considered adults by 3 months, it is really surprising how just two months later they are starting to see a phenotype (i.e., reduced PAX7-cells, increased number of myonuclei, and increased myofiber size)-which correlates with getting older. Given that aged MuSCs have activation defects (i.e., stuck somewhere in the quiescence cycle), a pending question is whether their phenotype gets stronger in aged mice, like 18-24 months. If yes, the argument that this pathway should be used in a therapeutic sense would be strengthened.

    (4) For Figure 4, the same question as in point (2), the increase in fiber sizes by 7dpi in MuSK-IgG KO males is minimal (going from ~23 to 27 by eye) and no difference at a later time point when compared to WT mice. However, if older mice are used (18-24 months old) - which are known to have repair deficits-will the regenerative phenotype in MuSK-IgG KO mice be more substantial and longer lasting?

    (5) For Figure 6, this gene set is not glaringly obvious as being markers of MuSC activation (i.e., no MyoD), so it's hard for the readers to know if this gene set is truly an activation signature. Also, the Shcherbina et al. data presented as a column with * being up or down (i.e. differentially expressed) is not helpful, since you don't know whether those mRNAs in that dataset are going up with the activation process. Addressing this point as well as my point (1) will further strengthen the author's conclusions about the MuSK-IgG KO MuSCs not being able to maintain quiescence as effectively.

  5. eLife

    Reviewer #2 (Public review):

    Summary:

    The work by Madigan et al. provides evidence that the signaling of BMPs via the Ig3 domain of MuSK plays a role during muscle postnatal development and regeneration, ultimately resulting in enhanced contractile force generation in the absence of the MuSK Ig3 domain. They demonstrate that MuSK is expressed in satellite cells initially post-isolation of muscle single fibers both in WT and whole-body deletion of the BMP binding domain of MuSK (ΔIg3-MuSK). In mice, ΔIg3-MuSK results in increased muscle fiber size, a reduction in Pax7+ cells, and increased muscle contractile force in 5-month-old, but not 3-month-old, mice. These data are complemented by a model in which the kinetics of regeneration appear to be accelerated at early time points. Of note, the authors demonstrate muscle tibialis anterior (TA) weights and fiber feret are increased in a Pax7CreERT2;MuSK-Ig3loxp/loxp model in which satellite cells specifically lack the MuSK BMP binding domain. Finally, using Nanostring transcriptional the authors identified a short list of genes that differ between the WT and ΔIg3-MuSK SCs. These data provide the field with new evidence of signaling pathways that regulate satellite cell activation/quiescence in the context of skeletal muscle development and regeneration.

    On the whole, the findings in this paper are well supported, however additional validation of key satellite cell markers and data analysis need to be conducted given the current claims.

    (1) The Pax7CreERT2;MuSK-Ig3loxp/loxp model is the appropriate model to conduct studies to assess satellite cell involvement in MuSK/BMP regulation. Validation of changes to muscle force production is currently absent using this model, as is quantification of Pax7+ tdT+ cells in 5-month muscle. Given that MuSK is also expressed on mature myofibers at NMJs, these data would further inform the conclusions proposed in the paper.

    (2) All Pax7 quantification in the paper would benefit from high magnification images including staining for laminin demonstrating the cells are under the basal lamina.

    (3) The nanostring dataset could be further analyzed and clarified. In Figure 6b, it is not initially apparent what genes are upregulated or downregulated in young and aged SCs and how this compares with your data. Pathway analysis geared toward genes involved in the TGFb superfamily would be informative.

    (4) Characterizing MuSK expression on perfusion-fixed EDL fibers would be more conclusive to determine if MuSK is expressed in quiescent SCs. Additional characterization using MyoD, MyoG, and Fos staining of SCs on EDL fibers would help inform on their state of activation/quiescent.

    (5) Finally, the treatment of fibers in the presence or absence of recombinant BMP proteins would inform the claims of the paper.

  6. eLife

    Reviewer #3 (Public review):

    Summary:

    Understanding the molecular regulation of muscle stem cell quiescence. The authors evaluated the role of the MuSK-BMP pathway in regulating adult SC quiescence by the deletion of the BMP-binding MuSK Ig3 domain ('ΔIg3-MuSK').

    Strengths:

    A novel mouse model to interrogate muscle stem cell molecular regulators. The authors have developed a nice mouse model to interrogate the role of MuSK signaling in muscle stem cells and myofibers and have unique tools to do this.

    Weaknesses:

    Only minor technical questions remain and there is a need for additional data to support the conclusions.

    (1) The authors claim that dIg3-MuSK satellite cells break quiescence and start fusing, based on the reduction of Pax7+ and increase of nuclei/fiber (Fig 2-3), and maybe the gene expression (Fig6). However, direct evidence is needed to support these findings such as quantifying quiescent (Pax7+Ki67-) or activated (Pax7+Ki67+) satellite cells (and maybe proliferating progenitors Pax7-Ki67+) in the dIg3-MuSK muscle.

    (2) It is not clear if the MuSK-BMP pathway is required to maintain satellite cell quiescence, by the end of the regeneration (29dpi), how Pax7+ numbers are comparable to the WT (Fig4d). I would expect to have less Pax7+, as in uninjured muscle. Can the authors evaluate this in more detail?

    (2) Figure 4 claims that regeneration is accelerated, but to claim this at a minimum they need to look at MYH3+ fibers, in addition to fiber size.

    (3) The Pax7 specific dIg3-MuSK (Fig5) is very exciting. However, it will be important to quantify the Pax7+ number. Could the authors check the reduction of Pax7+ in this model since it would confirm the importance of MuSK in quiescence?

    (3) Rescue of the BMP pathway in the model would be further supportive of the authors' findings.

    (4) Is the stem cell pool maintained long term in the deleted dIg3-MuSK SCs? Or would they be lost with extended treatment since they are reduced at the 5-month experiments? This is an important point and should be considered/discussed relevant to thinking about these data therapeutically.

    (5) Without the Pax7-specific targeting, when you target dIg3-MuSK in the entire muscle, what happens to the neuromuscular nuclei?

    (6) Why were differences seen in males and not females? Is XIST downregulation occurring in both sexes? Could the authors explain these findings in more detail?

  7. eLife

    Author response:

    Reviewer #1 (Public review):

    Summary:

    Madigan et al. assembled an interesting study investigating the role of the MuSK-BMP signaling pathway in maintaining adult mouse muscle stem cell (MuSC) quiescence and muscle function before and after trauma. Using a full body and MuSC-specific genetic knockout system, they demonstrate that MuSK is expressed on MuSCs and that eliminating the BMP binding domain from the MuSK gene (i.e., MuSK-IgG KO) in mice at homeostasis leads to reduced PAX7+ cells, increased myonuclear number, and increase myofiber size, which may be due to a deficit in maintaining quiescence. Additionally, after BaCl2 injury, MuSK-IgG KO mice display accelerated repair after 7 days post-injury (dpi) in males only. Finally, RNA profiling using nCounter technology showed that MuSK-IgG KO MuSCs express genes that may be associated with the activated state.

    Strengths:

    Overall, the biology regulating MuSC quiescence is still relatively unexplored, and thus, this work provides a new mechanism controlling this process. The experiments discussed in the paper are technically sound with great complementary mouse models (full body versus tissue-specific mouse KO) used to validate their hypothesis. Additionally, the paper is well written with all the necessary information in the legends, methods, and figures being reported.

    Weaknesses:

    While the data largely supports the author's conclusions, I do have a few points to consider when reading this paper.

    (1) For Figure 1, while I appreciate the author's confirming MuSK RNA and protein in MuSCs, I do think they should (a) quantify the RNA using qPCR and (b) determine the percentage of MuSCs expressing MuSK protein in their single fiber system in multiple biological replicates. This information will help us understand if MuSK is expressed in 1/10 or 10/10 PAX7-expressing MuSCs. Also, it will help place their phenotypes into the right context, especially when considering how much of the PAX7-pool is expressing MuSK from the beginning.

    The quantification is a reasonable point; however, we don’t believe that this information is necessary for supporting the interpretation of the findings.

    We agree that determining the proportion of SCs that expressing MuSK is useful information and we will address this question in the Revision.

    (2) Throughout the paper the argument is made that MuSK-IgG KO (full body and MuSC-specific KOs) are more activated and/or break quiescence more readily, but there is no attempt to test directly. Therefore, the authors should consider measuring the activation dynamics (i.e., break from quiescence) of MuSCs directly (EdU assays or live-cell imaging) in culture and/or in muscle in vivo (EdU assays) using their various genetic mouse models

    We agree that this point is of interest and we plan to address it in future studies.

    (3) For Figure 2, given that mice are considered adults by 3 months, it is really surprising how just two months later they are starting to see a phenotype (i.e., reduced PAX7-cells, increased number of myonuclei, and increased myofiber size)-which correlates with getting older. Given that aged MuSCs have activation defects (i.e., stuck somewhere in the quiescence cycle), a pending question is whether their phenotype gets stronger in aged mice, like 18-24 months. If yes, the argument that this pathway should be used in a therapeutic sense would be strengthened.

    We agree that the potential role of the MuSK-BMP pathway in aged SCs is of import and could shed new light on SC dynamics in this context. However, we note that the activation observed between 3-5 months results in improved muscle quality (increased myofiber size and grip strength), which is opposite of what is observed with aging. We agree that activating the MuSK-BMP pathway in aged animals has the potential to activate SCs, promote muscle growth and counter sarcopenia. Pharmacological and genetic approaches to test that question are underway, but given the time frame they are beyond the scope of the current manuscript.

    (4) For Figure 4, the same question as in point (2), the increase in fiber sizes by 7dpi in MuSK-IgG KO males is minimal (going from ~23 to 27 by eye) and no difference at a later time point when compared to WT mice. However, if older mice are used (18-24 months old) - which are known to have repair deficits-will the regenerative phenotype in MuSK-IgG KO mice be more substantial and longer lasting?

    Again, an interesting point that will be addressed in future studies.

    (5) For Figure 6, this gene set is not glaringly obvious as being markers of MuSC activation (i.e., no MyoD), so it's hard for the readers to know if this gene set is truly an activation signature. Also, the Shcherbina et al. data presented as a column with * being up or down (i.e. differentially expressed) is not helpful, since you don't know whether those mRNAs in that dataset are going up with the activation process. Addressing this point as well as my point (1) will further strengthen the author's conclusions about the MuSK-IgG KO MuSCs not being able to maintain quiescence as effectively.

    We agree that this Figure should include more information and be formatted in a way more readily convey the point. We will provide these changes in the Revision.

    Reviewer #2 (Public review):

    Summary:

    The work by Madigan et al. provides evidence that the signaling of BMPs via the Ig3 domain of MuSK plays a role during muscle postnatal development and regeneration, ultimately resulting in enhanced contractile force generation in the absence of the MuSK Ig3 domain. They demonstrate that MuSK is expressed in satellite cells initially post-isolation of muscle single fibers both in WT and whole-body deletion of the BMP binding domain of MuSK (ΔIg3-MuSK). In developing mice, ΔIg3-MuSK results in increased muscle fiber size, a reduction in Pax7+ cells, and increased muscle contractile force in 5-month-old, but not 3-month-old, mice. These data are complemented by a model in which the kinetics of regeneration appear to be accelerated at early time points. Of note, the authors demonstrate muscle tibialis anterior (TA) weights and fiber feret are increased during development in a Pax7CreERT2;MuSK-Ig3loxp/loxp model in which satellite cells specifically lack the MuSK BMP binding domain. Finally, using Nanostring transcriptional the authors identified a short list of genes that differ between the WT and ΔIg3-MuSK SCs. These data provide the field with new evidence of signaling pathways that regulate satellite cell activation/quiescence in the context of skeletal muscle development and regeneration.

    On the whole, the findings in this paper are well supported, however additional validation of key satellite cell markers and data analysis need to be conducted given the current claims.

    (1) The Pax7CreERT2;MuSK-Ig3loxp/loxp model is the appropriate model to conduct studies to assess satellite cell involvement in MuSK/BMP regulation. Validation of changes to muscle force production is currently absent using this model, as is quantification of Pax7+ tdT+ cells in 5-month muscle. Given that MuSK is also expressed on mature myofibers at NMJs, these data would further inform the conclusions proposed in the paper.

    As reported in the manuscript, we observed increased myofiber size, length and TA weight in the conditional mutants at five months of age. We did not assess grip strength in those experiments.

    We demonstrated highly efficient MuSK Ig3-domain recombination by PCR analysis of FACS-sorted SCs from these conditional mutants (Supplemental Fig. S3). However, while we checked for Pax7+ tdT+ cells in 5-month SCs, we did not quantify this finding.

    (2) All Pax7 quantification in the paper would benefit from high magnification images including staining for laminin demonstrating the cells are under the basal lamina.

    The point is reasonable, we observed that these Pax7+ cells were under the basal lamina, but we did not acquire images at higher magnification.

    (3) The nanostring dataset could be further analyzed and clarified. In Figure 6b, it is not initially apparent what genes are upregulated or downregulated in young and aged SCs and how this compares with your data. Pathway analysis geared toward genes involved in the TGFb superfamily would be informative.

    We agree that further analysis and information regarding the data in this Figure is warranted and we will include it in the Revision.

    (4) Characterizing MuSK expression on perfusion-fixed EDL fibers would be more conclusive to determine if MuSK is expressed in quiescent SCs. Additional characterization using MyoD, MyoG, and Fos staining of SCs on EDL fibers would help inform on their state of activation/quiescent.

    These are all valid points that we intend to address in future experiments.

    (5) Finally, the treatment of fibers in the presence or absence of recombinant BMP proteins would inform the claims of the paper.

    As reported in Jaime et al (2024) we have extensively characterized the differences in BMP response in both cultured WT and DIg3-MuSK myofibers and myoblasts at the level of signaling (pSMAD 1/5/8 nuclear localization and phosphorylation) and gene expression (qRT-PCR).

    Reviewer #3 (Public review):

    Summary:

    Understanding the molecular regulation of muscle stem cell quiescence. The authors evaluated the role of the MuSK-BMP pathway in regulating adult SC quiescence by the deletion of the BMP-binding MuSK Ig3 domain ('ΔIg3-MuSK').

    Strengths:

    A novel mouse model to interrogate muscle stem cell molecular regulators. The authors have developed a nice mouse model to interrogate the role of MuSK signaling in muscle stem cells and myofibers and have unique tools to do this.

    Weaknesses:

    Only minor technical questions remain and there is a need for additional data to support the conclusions.

    (1) The authors claim that dIg3-MuSK satellite cells break quiescence and start fusing, based on the reduction of Pax7+ and increase of nuclei/fiber (Fig 2-3), and maybe the gene expression (Fig6). However, direct evidence is needed to support these findings such as quantifying quiescent (Pax7+Ki67-) or activated (Pax7+Ki67+) satellite cells (and maybe proliferating progenitors Pax7-Ki67+) in the dIg3-MuSK muscle.

    We believe that the data presented strongly supports the conclusion that the SCs break quiescence, activate, and fuse into myofibers in uninjured muscle. As noted above, the mechanistic studies suggested are of interest and we will address them in future work.

    (2) It is not clear if the MuSK-BMP pathway is required to maintain satellite cell quiescence, by the end of the regeneration (29dpi), how Pax7+ numbers are comparable to the WT (Fig4d). I would expect to have less Pax7+, as in uninjured muscle. Can the authors evaluate this in more detail?

    The reviewer makes an important point. Our current interpretation of the findings is that quiescence is broken in SCs in uninjured muscle, but that ‘stemness’ is preserved, allowing for efficient muscle regeneration and restoration of the SC pool. Whether such properties reflect SC heterogeneity (as suggested in the comments of the other reviewers) and/or different states along a continuum is of particular interest and will be the focus of future studies.

    (2) Figure 4 claims that regeneration is accelerated, but to claim this at a minimum they need to look at MYH3+ fibers, in addition to fiber size.

    We did not examine MYH3+ fibers in this study. However, we did observe increased in Pax7+ cells at 5dpi (male and female) as well as larger myofiber size (Feret diameter) at 7dpi in the male animals. In addition, the panels in Figure 4 b,c (H&E and laminin, respectively) showing accelerated differentiation were selected to be representative of the experimental group.

    (3) The Pax7 specific dIg3-MuSK (Fig5) is very exciting. However, it will be important to quantify the Pax7+ number. Could the authors check the reduction of Pax7+ in this model since it would confirm the importance of MuSK in quiescence?

    In Figure 5c, we assessed the number of Pax7+ cells in the conditional mutant during the course of regeneration (at 3, 5, 7, 14, 22 and 29 dpi). As discussed above, these results confirmed the findings of the constitutive mutant (reduction of Pax7+ cells in uninjured 5-month-old muscle) as well as showing the increased number at 5dpi and return to WT levels at 29 dpi.

    (3) Rescue of the BMP pathway in the model would be further supportive of the authors' findings.

    This point is valid. In a parallel study examining the role of the MuSK-BMP pathway at the NMJ, we have observed that BMP+/- (hypomorphs) recapitulate key phenotypes observed in DIg3-MuSK NMJs (Fish et al., bioRxiv, 2023). This point will be included in the Revision.

    (4) Is the stem cell pool maintained long term in the deleted dIg3-MuSK SCs? Or would they be lost with extended treatment since they are reduced at the 5-month experiments? This is an important point and should be considered/discussed relevant to thinking about these data therapeutically.

    We agree that this is an important point for future studies.

    (5) Without the Pax7-specific targeting, when you target dIg3-MuSK in the entire muscle, what happens to the neuromuscular nuclei?

    A manuscript describing the phenotype of the NMJ in DIg3-MuSK constitutive mice is in bioRxiv (Fish et al., 2024) and is in Revision at another journal. We anticipate discussing the findings in the Revised version of the current manuscript.

    (6) Why were differences seen in males and not females? Is XIST downregulation occurring in both sexes? Could the authors explain these findings in more detail?

    The male and female difference in myofiber size is of interest. The nanostring experiments, which showed the XIST reduction, were only performed in male mice.

  8. Version published to 10.1101/2023.05.17.541238v2 on bioRxiv
  9. Version published to 10.1101/2023.05.17.541238v1 on bioRxiv