WNKs regulate mouse behavior and alter central nervous system glucose uptake and insulin signaling
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Curated by eLife
eLife assessment
This study seeks to expand the understanding of insulin and glucose responses in the brain, specifically by implicating a family of protein kinases responsive to insulin. The significance of the study to the field is valuable. The evidence supporting the conclusions about brain glucose utilization is convincing, although there are several aspects that could benefit from additional validation to strengthen the claims.
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Abstract
Certain areas of the brain involved in episodic memory and behavior, such as the hippocampus, express high levels of insulin receptors and glucose transporter-4 (GLUT4) and are responsive to insulin. Insulin and neuronal glucose metabolism improve cognitive functions and regulate mood in humans. Insulin-dependent GLUT4 trafficking has been extensively studied in muscle and adipose tissue, but little work has demonstrated either how it is controlled in insulin-responsive brain regions or its mechanistic connection to cognitive functions. In this study, we demonstrate that inhibition of WNK (With-No-lysine (K)) kinases improves learning and memory in mice. Neuronal inhibition of WNK enhances in vivo hippocampal glucose uptake. Inhibition of WNK enhances insulin signaling output and insulin-dependent GLUT4 trafficking to the plasma membrane in mice primary neuronal cultures and hippocampal slices. Therefore, we propose that the extent of neuronal WNK kinase activity has an important influence on learning, memory and anxiety-related behaviors, in part, by modulation of neuronal insulin signaling.
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Author response:
Joint Public Review:
Strengths:
The insulin-dependent signaling in the central nervous system is relatively understudied. This explorative study delves into several interesting and clinically relevant possibilities, examining how insulin-dependent signaling and its crosstalk with WNK kinases might affect brain circuits involved in memory formation and/or anxiety. Therefore, these findings might inspire follow-up studies performed in disease models for disorders that exhibit impaired glucose metabolism, deficient memory, or anxiety, such as Diabetes mellitus, Alzheimer's disease, or most psychiatric disorders.
The graphical presentation of the figures is of high quality, which helps the reader to obtain a good overview and easily understand the experimental design, results, and conclusions.
The behavioral studies are …
Author response:
Joint Public Review:
Strengths:
The insulin-dependent signaling in the central nervous system is relatively understudied. This explorative study delves into several interesting and clinically relevant possibilities, examining how insulin-dependent signaling and its crosstalk with WNK kinases might affect brain circuits involved in memory formation and/or anxiety. Therefore, these findings might inspire follow-up studies performed in disease models for disorders that exhibit impaired glucose metabolism, deficient memory, or anxiety, such as Diabetes mellitus, Alzheimer's disease, or most psychiatric disorders.
The graphical presentation of the figures is of high quality, which helps the reader to obtain a good overview and easily understand the experimental design, results, and conclusions.
The behavioral studies are well conducted and provide valuable insights into the role of WNK kinases in glucose metabolism and their effect on learning and memory. Additionally, the authors evaluate the levels of basal and induced anxiety in Figures 1 and 2, enhancing our understanding of how WNK signaling might engage in cognitive function and anxiety-like behavior, particularly in the context of altered glucose metabolism.
We thank the reviewers for recognizing the strengths of our study.
Weaknesses:
The study used a WNK643 inhibitor as the only tool to manipulate WNK1-4 activity. This inhibitor seems selective; however, it has been reported that it exhibits different efficiency in inhibiting the individual WNK kinases among each other (e.g. PMID: 31017050, PMID: 36712947). Additionally, the authors do not analyze nor report the expression profiles or activity levels of WNK1, WNK2, WNK3, and WNK4 within the relevant brain regions (i.e. hippocampus, cortex, amygdala). Combined, these weaknesses raise concerns about the direct involvement of WNK kinases within the selected brain regions and behavior circuits. It would be beneficial if the authors provided gene profiling for WNK1, 2, 3, and -4 (e.g. using Allen brain atlas). To confirm the observations, the authors should either add results from using other WNK inhibitors or, preferentially, analyze knock-down or knock-out animals/tissue targeting the single kinases.
We thank the reviewers for the suggestions. To address the criticism and as recommended, we have planned to include gene profiling for WNK1-4 in the brain from Allen brain atlas. Additionally, we have planned to include the effect of WNK1 knockdown on pAKT levels in immortalized SHSY5Y cells.
The authors do not report any data on whether the global inhibition of WNKs affects insulin levels. Since the authors wish to demonstrate the synergistic effect of simultaneous insulin treatment and WNK1-4 inhibition, such data are missing.
To address this critique, we have planned to include plasma insulin levels upon global inhibition of WNKs using WNK463 in C57BL/6J mice.
The study discovered that the Sortilin receptor binds to OSR1, leading the authors to speculate that Sortilin may be involved in the insulin-dependent GLUT4 surface trafficking. However, the authors do not provide any evidence supporting Sortilin's involvement in insulin- or WNK-dependent GLUT4 trafficking. Thus, this conclusion should be qualified, rephrased, or additional data included.
We thank the reviewers for suggesting experiments that will significantly enhance the clarity of our conclusions. We have planned to include immunofluorescence staining data for sortilin localization in SHSY5Y cells under conditions of DMSO, insulin and/or WNK463 treatment. These data would suggest whether WNK463 treatment affects localization of sortilin in the golgi network which has been shown by previous studies to affect sortilin-dependent GLUT4 trafficking.
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eLife assessment
This study seeks to expand the understanding of insulin and glucose responses in the brain, specifically by implicating a family of protein kinases responsive to insulin. The significance of the study to the field is valuable. The evidence supporting the conclusions about brain glucose utilization is convincing, although there are several aspects that could benefit from additional validation to strengthen the claims.
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Joint Public Review:
Summary:
The study by Akita B. Jaykumar et al. explores an interesting and relevant hypothesis whether serine/threonine With-No-lysine (K) kinases (WNK)-1, -2, -3, and -4 engage in insulin-dependent glucose transporter-4 (GLUT4) signaling in the murine central nervous system. The authors especially focused on the hippocampus as this brain region exhibits high expression of insulin and GLUT4. Additionally, disrupted glucose metabolism in the hippocampus has been associated with anxiety disorders, while impaired WNK signaling has been linked to hypertension, learning disabilities, psychiatric disorders, or Alzheimer's disease. The study took advantage of selective pan-WNK inhibitor WNK 643 as the main tool to manipulate WNK 1-4 activity both in vivo by daily, per-oral drug administration to wild-type mice, and in …
Joint Public Review:
Summary:
The study by Akita B. Jaykumar et al. explores an interesting and relevant hypothesis whether serine/threonine With-No-lysine (K) kinases (WNK)-1, -2, -3, and -4 engage in insulin-dependent glucose transporter-4 (GLUT4) signaling in the murine central nervous system. The authors especially focused on the hippocampus as this brain region exhibits high expression of insulin and GLUT4. Additionally, disrupted glucose metabolism in the hippocampus has been associated with anxiety disorders, while impaired WNK signaling has been linked to hypertension, learning disabilities, psychiatric disorders, or Alzheimer's disease. The study took advantage of selective pan-WNK inhibitor WNK 643 as the main tool to manipulate WNK 1-4 activity both in vivo by daily, per-oral drug administration to wild-type mice, and in vitro by treating either adult murine brain synaptosomes, hippocampal slices, primary cortical cultures, and human cell lines (HEK293, SH-SY5Y). Using a battery of standard behavior paradigms such as open field test, elevated plus maze test, and fear conditioning, the authors convincingly demonstrate that the inhibition of WNK1-4 results in behavior changes, especially in enhanced learning and memory of WNK643-treated mice. To shed light on the underlying molecular mechanism, the authors implemented multiple biochemical approaches including immunoprecipitation, glucose-uptake assay, surface biotylination assay, immunoblotting, and immunofluorescence. The data suggest that simultaneous insulin stimulation and WNK1-4 inhibition results in increased glucose uptake and the activity of insulin's downstream effectors, phosphorylated Akt and phosphorylated AS160. Moreover, the authors demonstrate that insulin treatment enhances the physical interaction of the WNK effector OSR1/SPAK with Akt substrate AS160. As a result, combined treatment with insulin and the WNK643 inhibitor synergistically increases the targeting of GLUT4 to the plasma membrane. Collectively, these data strongly support the initial hypothesis that neuronal insulin- and WNK-dependent pathways do interact and engage in cognitive functions.
Strengths:
The insulin-dependent signaling in the central nervous system is relatively understudied. This explorative study delves into several interesting and clinically relevant possibilities, examining how insulin-dependent signaling and its crosstalk with WNK kinases might affect brain circuits involved in memory formation and/or anxiety. Therefore, these findings might inspire follow-up studies performed in disease models for disorders that exhibit impaired glucose metabolism, deficient memory, or anxiety, such as Diabetes mellitus, Alzheimer's disease, or most psychiatric disorders.
The graphical presentation of the figures is of high quality, which helps the reader to obtain a good overview and easily understand the experimental design, results, and conclusions.
The behavioral studies are well conducted and provide valuable insights into the role of WNK kinases in glucose metabolism and their effect on learning and memory. Additionally, the authors evaluate the levels of basal and induced anxiety in Figures 1 and 2, enhancing our understanding of how WNK signaling might engage in cognitive function and anxiety-like behavior, particularly in the context of altered glucose metabolism.
Weaknesses:
The study used a WNK643 inhibitor as the only tool to manipulate WNK1-4 activity. This inhibitor seems selective; however, it has been reported that it exhibits different efficiency in inhibiting the individual WNK kinases among each other (e.g. PMID: 31017050, PMID: 36712947). Additionally, the authors do not analyze nor report the expression profiles or activity levels of WNK1, WNK2, WNK3, and WNK4 within the relevant brain regions (i.e. hippocampus, cortex, amygdala). Combined, these weaknesses raise concerns about the direct involvement of WNK kinases within the selected brain regions and behavior circuits. It would be beneficial if the authors provided gene profiling for WNK1, 2, 3, and -4 (e.g. using Allen brain atlas). To confirm the observations, the authors should either add results from using other WNK inhibitors or, preferentially, analyze knock-down or knock-out animals/tissue targeting the single kinases.
The authors do not report any data on whether the global inhibition of WNKs affects insulin levels. Since the authors wish to demonstrate the synergistic effect of simultaneous insulin treatment and WNK1-4 inhibition, such data are missing.
The study discovered that the Sortilin receptor binds to OSR1, leading the authors to speculate that Sortilin may be involved in the insulin-dependent GLUT4 surface trafficking. However, the authors do not provide any evidence supporting Sortilin's involvement in insulin- or WNK-dependent GLUT4 trafficking. Thus, this conclusion should be qualified, rephrased, or additional data included.
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