SMART CHARGING (V1G) AND BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING (V2G) IN EUROPEAN UNION ENERGY LAW AND SPAIN: A LEGAL AND REGULATORY ANALYSIS

This article provides an in-depth legal analysis of the current regulatory landscape governing Smart Charging (V1G) and Bidirectional Charging (V2G) of electric vehicles within the European Union and specifically in Spain. Focusing exclusively on the legal and policy dimensions, it examines key EU directives and regulations, such as the Alternative Fuels Infrastructure Regulation (AFIR) and relevant provisions of the Renewable Energy Directive, that establish the foundational requirements for smart charging capabilities and pave the way for vehicle-to-grid (V2G) integration. The research further delves into the transposition and implementation of these EU mandates into Spanish national law, identifying specific legislative measures, policy initiatives, and regulatory challenges pertinent to the deployment and operation of V1G and V2G technologies in the Spanish energy market. The analysis highlights the evolving legal obligations and opportunities for various stakeholders, including grid operators, charging point operators, and EV owners, as these technologies become increasingly central to grid flexibility and the broader energy transition. Technical aspects of charging are deliberately excluded to maintain a clear focus on the legal and regulatory implications.