Resolving the Hubble Tension with Cosmic ∆Ei 2.1: A Discernibility-Based Cosmological Framework

This study presents Cosmic ∆Ei 2.1, a cosmological model based on discernibility energy gradients, which resolves the Hubble tension without requiring dark energy. Calibrated to the SH0ES measurement (H0 = 73.4 ±1.3 km/s/Mpc), ∆Ei 2.1 matches Pantheon+ supernovae, DESI 2024 BAO, and Planck 2018 CMB data within 1σ, achieving a χ2/dof of 1.05 for distance modulus fits. The model predicts a 0.7% shift in the BAO peak at z = 1, a 1–2% increase in galaxy cluster lensing, and a 0.5% drift in gravitational strength (Geff(z)) from z = 0 to 2, all testable with DESI, Euclid, and JWST. These findings offer an alternative framework to ΛCDM, addressing the Hubble tension while aligning with cosmological observations.