Cosmic Expansion Without Dark Energy: Time-Driven Spacetime Creation as an Alternative to ΛCDM

This paper presents the Time-Energy Coupling Theory (TECT) as a novel approach to understanding cosmic expansion through the fundamental transformation of temporal energy into spacetime. By establishing the core relationship (where α = 2.8) and introducing a time-energy-volume conservation principle , the theory explains cosmic acceleration as a direct consequence of temporal energy depletion rather than mysterious dark energy. Numerical simulations demonstrate that TECT accurately reproduces key present-epoch observational parameters: Hubble constant (H₀ = 67.7 km/s/Mpc), deceleration parameter (q₀ = - 0.55), universe age (13.787 Gyr), and CMB temperature at recombination (2970 K). However, comparison with observational data reveals systematic tensions: Baryon Acoustic Oscillation measurements show an overestimation of H(z) by 8–13% at intermediate redshifts (z = 0.32–0.57), and Type Ia supernova observations demonstrate approximately 10% underestimation of luminosity distances at higher redshifts (z > 0.7). Despite these specific observational discrepancies requiring further theoretical refinement, TECT provides important insights: it naturally resolves the cosmological constant problem by reinterpreting vacuum energy as a byproduct of spacetime creation rather than its cause and establishes a fundamental connection between the thermodynamic arrow of time and cosmic expansion. This framework demonstrates that alternatives to dark energy remain viable for explaining cosmic acceleration, particularly given recent observational hints of evolving cosmic dynamics.