Sustainable Input Management Through IoT And Green Nanotechnology in Organic Farming

Overuse of synthetic agrochemicals in traditional farming has caused soil deterioration, microbial imbalance, and ecosystem toxicity. This research suggests combining green nanotechnology with smart farming to provide a sustainable plant protection solution for organic agriculture. The green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) using aqueous extracts from Azadirachta indica (neem), a well-known indigenous medicinal plant with significant antibacterial properties. UV–Vis spectroscopy, FTIR, XRD, and SEM confirmed the biosynthesized nanoparticles' crystalline structure, shape, and functional group interaction. Zinc oxide nanoparticles were tested for antibacterial efficacy against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa using agar well diffusion tests. Significant inhibitory zones confirmed their potential as a plant disease control bio-input. To improve efficiency, an IoT-based monitoring framework was created employing temperature, humidity, and leaf wetness sensors and a mobile dashboard. This allowed real-time plant stress monitoring and automatic ZnO NP administration using a low-volume sprayer device. The system also tracks disease prevalence, input utilization, and crop health for informed decision-making and certification-related digital record-keeping. This multidisciplinary approach shows how indigenous ethnobotanical knowledge, sustainable nanomaterials, and smart agricultural technology work together. Its scalable, eco-efficient, and farmer-friendly plant protection technology supports sustainable agriculture and climate-resilient food systems.