Spatial distribution characteristics and influencing factors of intangible cultural heritage in the three provinces of Northeast China

Northeast China, comprising Heilongjiang, Jilin, and Liaoning provinces, is a culturally rich region with a wide range of national-level intangible cultural heritage (ICH) resources. This study examines the spatial distribution patterns and influencing mechanisms of 173 ICH items across the three provinces. By employing ArcGIS-based spatial analysis techniques—including kernel density estimation, average nearest neighbor analysis, and both global and local spatial autocorrelation (Moran’s I and LISA)—the study reveals key insights into spatial clustering and diffusion of ICH. The results indicate that: (1) the overall distribution of ICH exhibits a “core–periphery” structure characterized by high-density clusters and widespread low-density areas, with the greatest concentration observed in Liaoning and a more dispersed pattern in Heilongjiang; (2) different ICH categories display varied spatial patterns—performing arts and folklore tend to cluster, while traditional medicine and crafts are more scattered; (3) population density, ethnic composition, geographical environment, and resource endowment are identified as major factors influencing spatial distribution, with population centers more likely to form cultural clusters; (4) the spatial analytical approach provides multi-scalar insights into regional cultural dynamics, offering valuable support for ICH protection, spatial planning, and sustainable cultural development in Northeast China.Type or paste your abstract here.