Spatial Distribution Characteristics and Influencing Factors of Defensive Traditional Villages in the Taihang Mountain Area

This study analyzes the spatial distribution and influencing factors of 399 DTV in the Taihang Mountains area using KDE, GD, and GWR models. Results show: (1) DTV exhibits clustered, multi-core, belt-shaped patterns, reflecting the logic of adapting to terrain, settling near water, and controlling strategic passes; (2) Commercial-cultural and natural factors have the strongest influence, with significant two-factor enhancement effects in many factors; (3) The spatial pattern results from the synergy of natural, social, and cultural forces, representing a systematic adaptive response of traditional society to external environments. The analysis of the spatial distribution characteristics and influencing factors of DTV provides valuable insights for the protection and preservation of this unique form of cultural heritage. Looking ahead, the adaptive spatial strategies exhibited by traditional defensive villages can inform future efforts in rural transformation, sustainable development, and resilience-based village planning.