Proof of the Riemann Hypothesis
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Abstract
This paper constructs two parallel approaches—Weil-type positivity and the Herglotz-type m-function—and connects them via a common core consisting of narrow-band equivalence (η < log 2) and the uniqueness principle, thereby reaching the Riemann Hypothesis (RH) for the completed Riemann function ξ, and further establishing the Generalized Riemann Hypothesis GRH(π) for self-dual GL(d)-type L-functions.In the Weil route, we show that the measures μ\_L and μ\_ξ appearing on the operator side and the number-theoretic side of the distributionally normalized explicit formula agree in the narrow band (and, by densification, extend to F\_log). Combining this with the known Weil equivalence theorem Q\_ξ ≥ 0 ⇔ RH yields the RH Main Theorem (Theorem 8.23).In the Herglotz route, we construct, via a band-limited window Φ, the operator-side m\_L^{(Φ)} and the number-theoretic side M\_π^{(Φ)}, and prove their equality over the entire complex plane by Poisson smoothing and the uniqueness of the Herglotz representation. From self-adjointness and the positivity of the Nevanlinna measure, we deduce that all nontrivial zeros lie on the critical line, arriving at the GRH(π) Main Theorem (Theorem 10.35 / Theorem 10.39).In the wide band, finite prime sums and endpoint contributions are absorbed into the regularized determinant det\_2 and its generating function. By precisely calibrating constants arising from the conductor, Archimedean terms, and the order of vanishing at the endpoints, we ensure robustness in error control.As applications, we show that the L-functions of Dirichlet characters, Hecke characters, holomorphic GL(2) cusp forms, and Maaß newforms satisfy axioms (AL1)–(AL5), and that GRH(π) follows immediately from the arguments in this chapter alone (Proposition 10.43, Corollary 10.44). Global conventions on the Fourier transform, boundary values, the Cayley transform, det\_2, and others are compiled in the appendix to ensure reproducibility and transparency in constant management.
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This Zenodo record is a permanently preserved version of a PREreview. You can view the complete PREreview at https://prereview.org/reviews/17143549.
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\title{Pre-Review Comments on Proof of the Riemann Hypothesis by Yoshinori Shimizu}
\author{Anik Chakraborty}
\date{September 17, 2025}
\begin{document}
\maketitle
\section{General Overview}
I appreciate the opportunity to provide feedback on this ambitious and technically rich manuscript. The paper addresses the venerable and important problem of the Riemann Hypothesis (RH) and its generalizations, bringing together sophisticated methods from operator theory, analytic number theory, and …
This Zenodo record is a permanently preserved version of a PREreview. You can view the complete PREreview at https://prereview.org/reviews/17143549.
\documentclass[12pt]{article}
\usepackage{amsmath,amssymb,amsthm}
\usepackage{geometry}
\geometry{margin=1in}
\usepackage{hyperref}
\hypersetup{colorlinks=true, urlcolor=blue, linkcolor=blue, citecolor=blue}
\title{Pre-Review Comments on Proof of the Riemann Hypothesis by Yoshinori Shimizu}
\author{Anik Chakraborty}
\date{September 17, 2025}
\begin{document}
\maketitle
\section{General Overview}
I appreciate the opportunity to provide feedback on this ambitious and technically rich manuscript. The paper addresses the venerable and important problem of the Riemann Hypothesis (RH) and its generalizations, bringing together sophisticated methods from operator theory, analytic number theory, and distributional analysis.
The manuscript shows deep understanding and an innovative approach by combining a Weil-type positivity method with a Herglotz-type mm-function construction, connected via a novel framework involving small-bandwidth equivalence and a uniqueness principle.
\section{Constructive Feedback and Points for Consideration}
While the work presents significant technical merit, there are a few points where clearer exposition and strengthened mathematical justification would be helpful in advancing the claims conclusively.
\subsection{Small-Bandwidth Equivalence}
The crucial equivalence of the operator-side and arithmetic-side measures for bandwidths less than log2\log 2 is a pivotal step. The paper employs heuristic \textit{half-rule} corrections for endpoint behaviors at the boundary η=log2\eta=\log 2, especially relating to the prime p=2p=2 contributions.
Beyond the treatment of endpoint contributions, establishing a completely rigorous proof of the small-bandwidth equivalence as a distributional identity is essential. This includes verifying that the measures coincide in all appropriate tempered distribution senses, not just locally near boundaries. Specifically, the claimed equivalence ⟨μL,φ⟩=⟨μξ,φ⟩\langle \mu_{L}, \varphi \rangle = \langle \mu_{\xi}, \varphi \rangle \quad for all the test functions φ∈Aη\varphi \in A_{\eta} requires a complete distributional proof that addresses both the global validity of this identity across the entire function space and the rigorous justification of all intermediate steps in the explicit formula manipulation.
Providing a more comprehensive and rigorous treatment of these aspects within the framework of tempered distributions or microlocal analysis could strengthen this argument. Incorporating such rigorous global equivalence analysis would greatly support the central claims.
\subsection{Uniqueness Principle and Analytic Continuation}
The principle extending local agreements to global equality is intuitively compelling. However, more detailed justification, perhaps through explicit domain analysis and verification of growth conditions within complex analytic frameworks, would enhance clarity and rigor.
This could include relating the arguments explicitly to classical results on analytic continuation where applicable.
\subsection{Endpoint Term Corrections}
The manuscript could benefit from a careful and systematic treatment of endpoint terms arising from bandwidth cutoffs, potentially drawing on advanced tools in distribution theory and boundary value analysis.
Such treatment would help rule out subtle contributions that could affect positivity and convergence properties vital for the main results.
\subsection{Regularized Determinants and Coefficient Identifications}
Utilizing det2\det_2 as a spectral encoding device is a good choice, but providing more detail on operator trace-class approximations and on controlling error terms in coefficient transport would clarify the arguments.
\subsection{Density Arguments and Limit Interchanges}
The extension from finite bandwidth test spaces to a larger function class via densification and the use of dominated convergence requires more explicit uniform bound proofs.
Ensuring these limits are justified will add robustness to the positivity results claimed.
\section{Citations Suggestion of References}
The following authoritative references, many of which are already cited or well-known in the manuscript, provide rigorous mathematical foundations underpinning the identified technical gaps. They are classical and comprehensive works in operator theory, analytic number theory, and distributional analysis, and they directly relate to the theoretical techniques suggested above to strengthen the manuscript's arguments.
\begin{thebibliography}{99}
\bibitem{hormander1}
L. H\"{o}rmander, \textit{The Analysis of Linear Partial Differential Operators I: Distribution Theory and Fourier Analysis}, 2nd ed., Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1990.
\bibitem{hormander3}
L. H\"{o}rmander, \textit{The Analysis of Linear Partial Differential Operators III: Pseudo-Differential Operators}, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1985.
\bibitem{treves}
F. Tr\`{e}ves, \textit{Introduction to Pseudodifferential and Fourier Integral Operators}, Vol. 1, Plenum Press, New York, 1980.
\bibitem{titchmarsh}
E. C. Titchmarsh, \textit{The Theory of the Riemann Zeta-Function}, 2nd ed., revised by D. R. Heath-Brown, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1986.
\bibitem{montgomery-vaughan}
H. L. Montgomery and R. C. Vaughan, \textit{Multiplicative Number Theory I: Classical Theory}, Cambridge Studies in Advanced Mathematics, Vol. 97, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2007.
\bibitem{simon}
B. Simon, \textit{Trace Ideals and Their Applications}, 2nd ed., Mathematical Surveys and Monographs, Vol. 120, American Mathematical Society, Providence, RI, 2005.
\bibitem{gohberg-krein}
I. C. Gohberg and M. G. Krein, \textit{Introduction to the Theory of Linear Nonselfadjoint Operators}, Translations of Mathematical Monographs, Vol. 18, American Mathematical Society, Providence, RI, 1969.
\bibitem{lions-magenes}
Lions, J.L. and Magenes, E., 2012. Non-homogeneous boundary value problems and applications: Vol. 1 (Vol. 181). Springer Science &\& Business Media.
\end{thebibliography}
\subsection{Citation Placement Recommendations}
\textbf{Section 2.1—Small-Bandwidth Equivalence:}
\begin{itemize}
\item \textit{Where}: At heuristic half-rule corrections for endpoint behaviors \\
\textit{Add}: following rigorous distributional methods \cite{hormander1}
\item \textit{Where}: At prime p = 2 contributions \\
\textit{Add}: using microlocal analysis techniques \cite{treves}
\end{itemize}
\textbf{Section 2.2—Uniqueness Principle:}
\begin{itemize}
\item \textit{Where}: At intuitively compelling statement \\
\textit{Add}: as established in classical analytic continuation theory \cite{titchmarsh}
\item \textit{Where}: Before growth condition claims \\
\textit{Add}: applying standard growth estimates \cite{montgomery-vaughan}
\end{itemize}
\textbf{Section 2.4 - det2\det_2 Construction:}
\begin{itemize}
\item \textit{Where}: At first mention of det2\det_2 \\
\textit{Add}: following Simon's trace-class framework \cite{simon}
\item \textit{Where}: At coefficient transport \\
\textit{Add}: using spectral theory methods \cite{gohberg-krein}
\end{itemize}
\section{Additional Suggestions}
\begin{itemize}
\item Providing a more accessible notation overview and schematic overview diagrams could assist readers in navigating the complex framework.
\item Considering incremental submissions of core lemmas and principles for focused feedback before the whole proof attempt might help.
\end{itemize}
\section{Conclusion}
This work represents a challenging and inventive approach to one of mathematics' greatest open problems. While there appear to be gaps in the current form, the technical insights developed could inform ongoing research and stimulate discussion.
I hope the suggestions offered are helpful and contribute positively to the further development of this manuscript.
\vspace{1cm}
\noindent
\textbf{Pre-Reviewer:} Anik Chakraborty,\\
\textbf{Affiliation:} Department of Mathematics, University of Delhi, India\\
Date: September 17, 2025
\end{document}
Competing interests
The author declares that they have no competing interests.
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