New Insights into the Diagnosis and Treatment of Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Hepatocellular carcinoma remains one of the leading contributors to global cancer mortality, frequently stemming from chronic liver conditions, such as viral hepatitis, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and alcohol-induced cirrhosis. While antiviral treatments have made significant strides, the rising prevalence of hepatocellular carcinoma linked to non-infectious causes underscores the pressing demand for more effective diagnostic tools and therapeutic interventions. Advances in imaging and liquid biopsy technologies have facilitated early detection and diagnosis, and treatment strategies are diversifying: immune checkpoint inhibitors, tyrosine kinase inhibitors, and interventional therapies. Translational therapies for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma have improved surgical opportunities and patient survival. Artificial intelligence has played a transformative role in the diagnosis and treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma, in terms of image analysis, histopathologic classification, drug development, and targeted therapy. The future of hepatocellular carcinoma lies in precision oncology and the collaboration of multidisciplinary teams as well as in early detection. The ultimate goal is to keep patients alive longer and reduce the global burden of this complex malignancy.