Completing Quantum Mechanics within the Framework of Local Realism
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Abstract
The Copenhagen interpretation presumes the legitimacy of quantum superpositions, attaches ``the probabilistic nature'' to quantum mechanics, brings observers into axioms of the theory, and claims that quantum mechanics is already a complete theory. Einstein disagreed with this interpretation; he argued against the legitimacy of quantum superpositions, worried about observers in the axioms, and considered quantum mechanics incomplete. Inspired by Einstein, Bell and his followers intended to complete quantum mechanics within the framework of local realism. They derived Bell inequalities, tested them by experiments, and proved Bell's theorem to interpret the experimental results. Regrettably, the experimental results are misinterpreted. This article introduces a new principle, the general principle of measurements, and provides its mathematical proof. Based on this principle, quantum mechanics can be completed within the framework of local realism by using disjunction (``or'') as the logical relation between orthonormal vectors spanning any given Hilbert space while keeping its general definition unchanged. Probabilistic predictions given by the completed theory and the current theory are exactly the same. Furthermore, by eliminating observers from the axioms and precluding inexplicable collapses of wave-functions, the completed theory alleviates much difficulty in understanding quantum mechanics and is intuitively comprehensible. In conclusion, Einstein's local-realist world-view is correct.
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This Zenodo record is a permanently preserved version of a PREreview. You can view the complete PREreview at https://prereview.org/reviews/15367178.
Strengths
Bold Philosophical Positioning:
The manuscript takes a clear stance supporting Einstein's local-realist worldview, providing a systematic critique of the assumptions behind Bell's theorem and standard quantum theory.
Logical and Mathematical Clarity in Presentation:
The author rigorously defines the topological limitations of measurement using concepts from metric topology.
The so-called General Principle of Measurements is coherently argued and formally stated.
Internal Consistency:
The proposed reinterpretation—shifting from "superposition as conjunction" to "superposition as disjunction"—is logically self-consistent within the author's framework.
Major Weaknesses
Misinterpretation of …
This Zenodo record is a permanently preserved version of a PREreview. You can view the complete PREreview at https://prereview.org/reviews/15367178.
Strengths
Bold Philosophical Positioning:
The manuscript takes a clear stance supporting Einstein's local-realist worldview, providing a systematic critique of the assumptions behind Bell's theorem and standard quantum theory.
Logical and Mathematical Clarity in Presentation:
The author rigorously defines the topological limitations of measurement using concepts from metric topology.
The so-called General Principle of Measurements is coherently argued and formally stated.
Internal Consistency:
The proposed reinterpretation—shifting from "superposition as conjunction" to "superposition as disjunction"—is logically self-consistent within the author's framework.
Major Weaknesses
Misinterpretation of Bell's Theorem:
The paper repeatedly claims that Bell "mistook" deterministic correlations for non-locality, which misrepresents the nature of Bell's theorem. Bell did not conflate correlation with causation but derived inequalities from local realism assumptions, which quantum predictions (and experiments) violate.
The assertion that Bell's theorem does not apply to Einstein's view is speculative and not supported by mainstream quantum foundations literature.
Use of an Axiomatic Principle with Limited Physical Justification:
The General Principle of Measurements claims that precise space-time coordinates are physically meaningless, but this seems to conflate practical measurability with ontological inaccessibility. Physics routinely deals with idealizations.
Neglect of Experimental Evidence:
The manuscript largely dismisses decades of high-precision experiments violating Bell inequalities (e.g., Aspect, Zeilinger, and others) by attributing them to conceptual confusion or "imaginary objects," without engaging with the robustness of those experimental setups.
Lack of Predictive Power:
Although the author argues that his framework retains the predictive power of standard quantum theory, the paper offers no new predictions or calculations within the completed theory that differ from the standard model.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Use of Artificial Intelligence (AI)
The authors declare that they used generative AI to come up with new ideas for their review.
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