Natural variation in stomata size contributes to the local adaptation of water‐use efficiency in Arabidopsis thaliana

Abstract

Stomata control gas exchanges between the plant and the atmosphere. How natural variation in stomata size and density contributes to resolve trade‐offs between carbon uptake and water loss in response to local climatic variation is not yet understood. We developed an automated confocal microscopy approach to characterize natural genetic variation in stomatal patterning in 330 fully sequenced Arabidopsis thaliana accessions collected throughout the European range of the species. We compared this to variation in water‐use efficiency, measured as carbon isotope discrimination (δ ¹³ C). We detect substantial genetic variation for stomata size and density segregating within Arabidopsis thaliana . A positive correlation between stomata size and δ ¹³ C further suggests that this variation has consequences on water‐use efficiency. Genome wide association analyses indicate a complex genetic architecture underlying not only variation in stomatal patterning but also to its covariation with carbon uptake parameters. Yet, we report two novel QTL affecting δ ¹³ C independently of stomatal patterning. This suggests that, in A. thaliana , both morphological and physiological variants contribute to genetic variance in water‐use efficiency. Patterns of regional differentiation and covariation with climatic parameters indicate that natural selection has contributed to shape some of this variation, especially in Southern Sweden, where water availability is more limited in spring relative to summer. These conditions are expected to favour the evolution of drought avoidance mechanisms over drought escape strategies.

This Zenodo record is a permanently preserved version of a PREreview. You can view the complete PREreview at https://prereview.org/reviews/7621913.

UIUC preprint journal club : 2018-07-30

Steven Burgess (0000-0003-2353-7794), Samuel Fernandes, Antony Digrado, Charles Pignon, Elsa de Becker, Naomi Housego Day, Lusya Manukyan, Stephanie Cullum, Isla Causon, Iulia Floristeanu, Young Cho, Freya Way, Judy Savitskya, Robert Collison, Aoife Sweeney, Pietro Hughes, Cindy Chan

Abstract

This review is compiled from notes taken by the UIUC Plant Physiology preprint journal club during a one hour session on 2018-07-30. The review refers to the preprint "Natural variation in stomata size contributes to the local adaptation of water-use efficiency in Arabidopsis thaliana" by Hannes Dittberner, Arthur Korte, Tabea Mettler-Altmann, Andreas Weber, Grey Monroe, and Juliette de Meaux ( doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/253021) published on BioRxiv.

Review

In the paper "Natural variation in stomata size contributes to the local adaptation of Water use efficiency in Arabidopsis thaliana" Dittberner et al. (2018) investigated the genetic basis of water use efficiency using genome wide association analysis. Findings included (1) that there is substantial variation in stomatal size and patterning in A. thaliana accessions (2) decreased stomata size correlates with increased water use efficiency (3) two novel QTL affecting WUE independently of stomatal patterning (4) water use efficiency is a polygenic trait and (5) natural selection contributed to the establishment of variation in WUE in accordance with climatic conditions.

The findings are in accordance with previous studies looking at genetic variation in stomatal size and patterning in A. thaliana (Delgado et al. 2011; Monda et al. 2016), the role of natural selection in WUE of tomato (Muir et al. 2014), analysis of genomic variation in WUE in A. thaliana (Easlon et al. 2014; Aliniaeifard and van Meeteren 2014) and the extensive literature correlating a decrease in stomatal size with increased water use efficiency in many species.

We were impressed by the significant technical advance presented in the form of automated stomatal counting and suggest more could be made of this aspect of the paper. For example the we suggest inclusion of the term 'high-throughput' in the title, and think it would be helpful to include a picture of how the screening system works in the introduction.

Further, we found the conclusion that water use efficiency is a polygenic trait very interesting. The implications are important for studies aimed at the improvement of photosynthesis/WUE through conventional breeding or genetic manipulation. We wonder if there are other papers which have already discussed the potential polygenic nature of stomatal traits? Yoo et al. (2011) mentions different genes involved in WUE and stomatal patterning. This kind of paper could have been worth-mentioning in the discussion.

The identification of two novel QTL, not otherwise known to influence water use efficiency or to be related to stomatal patterning and regulation was particularly intriguing, and these two genes provide a great starting point for further analysis in future publications.

Major comments

We believe the kinship matrix accounts for relatedness, and is usually called the k model. To account for population structure one could use principal components, combining these two approaches is known as the Q+K model. It would be helpful to include a citation for calculating the kinship matrix as there are multiple methods available. It might also be worth providing QQplots to show whether including population structure is necessary or not for this study.

We found the use of a Bonferroni correction in the analysis quite conservative, there are other options such as Benjamini-Hochberg adjusted p-values that could lead to declaring other SNPs as significant. Also, from the GWAS results, there seem to be other SNPs popping up - although, not significant. It might be worth using an alternative to p-values when investigating the possible biological significance of outstanding SNPs on a Manhattan plot - such as selecting the top 10 hits for investigation.

Minor comments:

Keywords: Consider revisiting, as many of the keywords are already on the title. Additionally, it would be helpful to include terms rather than acronyms which are not familiar to non-experts.
Introduction: Would be good to include examples of some of the limitations to automated confocal microscopy approaches to orientate readers.
Line 143: (Atwell et al., 2010). This citation doesn't seem to be right. If the author is referring to genomic heritability it could cite de los Campos et al. (2015).
Methods: Would like to see further information on the methodology used for carbon isotope discrimination in the main text
Results: Might consider using the term 'genetic-heritability' rather than 'pseudo-heritability'
Results: Direct comparison with previously reported dC13 values for accessions that have been demonstrated to differing WUE would be helpful.
Figure 4: the text on the figure is likely to be too small to see properly

Line 505: "soil composition..." This is a really interesting point about the complexity of environmental effects on plant physiology. It might be helpful to provide some explanation for readers less familiar with soil content. (e.g. water holding content and effect on root structure - e.g.https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1721749115)
Line 499-500. Repetition of text on 498-499
Results: It would be helpful to share where the functional annotation for genes come from. This gene appears to be involved in mRNA decapping. There is only one publication, which found it is involved in PAMP triggered immunity, plants were dwarf in stature. TAIR does not annotate a role in cell differentiation (10.15252/embj.201488645)
Discussion: It is interesting to see a comparison with a related species and how the observed pattern is consistent between the two.

Data accessibility: This is excellent. Great to see that all data and code will be made available and deposited in a permanent repository!

References

Aliniaeifard and van Meeteren (2014) J Exp Bot. 65(22): 6529–6542.

de los Campos et al. (2015) PLoS Genet 11(5): e1005048. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1005048

Delgado et al. (2011) Ann Bot.; 107(8): 1247–1258

Easlon et al. (2014) Photosynth Res 119: 119. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11120-013-9891-5

Monda et al. (2016) Plant Physiol, 170: 1435–1444

Muir et al. (2016) Genetics. 2014 Dec; 198(4): 1629–1643.

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Natural variation in stomata size contributes to the local adaptation of water‐use efficiency in Arabidopsis thaliana

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