HIV integrase compacts viral DNA into biphasic condensates
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The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infects non-dividing cells and its genome must be compacted to enter the cell nucleus. Here, we show that the viral enzyme integrase (IN) compacts HIV DNA mimetics in vitro . Under physiological conditions, IN-compacted genomes are consistent in size with those found for pre-integration complexes in infected cells. Compaction occurs in two stages: first IN tetramers bridge DNA strands and assemble into “rosette” structures that consist of a nucleo-protein core and extruding bare DNA. In a second stage, the extruding DNA loops condense onto the rosette core to form a disordered and viscoelastic outer layer. Notably, the core complex is susceptible towards IN inhibitors, whereas the diffuse outer layer is not. Together, our data suggest that IN has a structural role in viral DNA compaction and raise the possibility to develop inhibitors that target IN-DNA interactions in disordered condensates.
