A modified BCG with depletion of enzymes associated with peptidoglycan amidation induces enhanced protection against tuberculosis in mice
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eLife assessment
In this manuscript, the authors investigate whether the effects of the BCG vaccine on immunity to Mtb infection could be improved by inhibiting amidation of the peptidoglycan sidechains to allow for recognition by NOD-1. This is a very important area and an interesting new approach to improve vaccination for TB. The authors find that CRISPRi knockdown of murT-gatD causes rather dramatic cell wall defects, more accessible cell wall labeling, and results in attenuated growth in macrophages and mice. This forms a foundation for further study of whether an approach like that which is presented herein would improve vaccination responses in TB.
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Abstract
Mechanisms by which Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) evades pathogen recognition receptor activation during infection may offer insights for the development of improved tuberculosis (TB) vaccines. Whilst Mtb elicits NOD-2 activation through host recognition of its peptidoglycan-derived muramyl dipeptide (MDP), it masks the endogenous NOD-1 ligand through amidation of glutamate at the second position in peptidoglycan side-chains. As the current BCG vaccine is derived from pathogenic mycobacteria, a similar situation prevails. To alleviate this masking ability and to potentially improve efficacy of the BCG vaccine, we used CRISPRi to inhibit expression of the essential enzyme pair, MurT-GatD, implicated in amidation of peptidoglycan side-chains. We demonstrate that depletion of these enzymes results in reduced growth, cell wall defects, increased susceptibility to antibiotics, altered spatial localization of new peptidoglycan and increased NOD-1 expression in macrophages. In cell culture experiments, training of a human monocyte cell line with this recombinant BCG yielded improved control of Mtb growth. In the murine model of TB infection, we demonstrate that depletion of MurT-GatD in BCG, which is expected to unmask the D-glutamate diaminopimelate (iE-DAP) NOD-1 ligand, yields superior prevention of TB disease compared to the standard BCG vaccine. In vitro and in vivo experiments in this study demonstrate the feasibility of gene regulation platforms such as CRISPRi to alter antigen presentation in BCG in a bespoke manner that tunes immunity towards more effective protection against TB disease.
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eLife assessment
In this manuscript, the authors investigate whether the effects of the BCG vaccine on immunity to Mtb infection could be improved by inhibiting amidation of the peptidoglycan sidechains to allow for recognition by NOD-1. This is a very important area and an interesting new approach to improve vaccination for TB. The authors find that CRISPRi knockdown of murT-gatD causes rather dramatic cell wall defects, more accessible cell wall labeling, and results in attenuated growth in macrophages and mice. This forms a foundation for further study of whether an approach like that which is presented herein would improve vaccination responses in TB.
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Reviewer #1 (Public Review):
In this manuscript, the authors investigate whether the effects of the BCG vaccine on immunity to Mtb infection could be improved by inhibiting amidation of the peptidoglycan sidechains to allow for recognition by NOD-1. This is a very important area and an interesting new approach to improve vaccination for TB. The authors find that CRISPRi knockdown of murT-gatD causes rather dramatic cell wall defects, more accessible cell wall labeling, and results in attenuated growth in macrophages and mice. There is some data presented to support that the murT-gatD KD strain may be more protective in the animal model, but most comparisons made are not significant and some interpretations stated in the results section do not reflect the data in the figures. It seems that the most important comparisons are between WT …
Reviewer #1 (Public Review):
In this manuscript, the authors investigate whether the effects of the BCG vaccine on immunity to Mtb infection could be improved by inhibiting amidation of the peptidoglycan sidechains to allow for recognition by NOD-1. This is a very important area and an interesting new approach to improve vaccination for TB. The authors find that CRISPRi knockdown of murT-gatD causes rather dramatic cell wall defects, more accessible cell wall labeling, and results in attenuated growth in macrophages and mice. There is some data presented to support that the murT-gatD KD strain may be more protective in the animal model, but most comparisons made are not significant and some interpretations stated in the results section do not reflect the data in the figures. It seems that the most important comparisons are between WT BCG+Dox and rBCG+Dox, and the manuscript would be clearer if this comparison was focused on specifically.
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Reviewer #2 (Public Review):
In this manuscript, Shaku and colleagues investigated if the deletion of the enzymatic pair MurT-GatD from Mycobacterium bovis BCG leads to more effective immune activation and protection against tuberculosis disease. MurT-GatD are enzymes implicated in the amidation of peptidoglycan sidechains, an immune evasion mechanism used by virulent mycobacteria to avoid recognition by the pathogen recognition receptor NOD-1.
Using CRISPRi, the authors show that D-glutamate diaminopimelate (iE-DAP) gets unmasked in BCG when MurT-GatD are deleted. They call the resulting recombinant BCG strain in which the induction of the CRISPRi construct is achieved via anhydrotetracycline, BCG::iE-DAP.
Subsequently, the authors characterize the growth kinetics of the strain and show that MurT-GatD deletion results in cell wall …Reviewer #2 (Public Review):
In this manuscript, Shaku and colleagues investigated if the deletion of the enzymatic pair MurT-GatD from Mycobacterium bovis BCG leads to more effective immune activation and protection against tuberculosis disease. MurT-GatD are enzymes implicated in the amidation of peptidoglycan sidechains, an immune evasion mechanism used by virulent mycobacteria to avoid recognition by the pathogen recognition receptor NOD-1.
Using CRISPRi, the authors show that D-glutamate diaminopimelate (iE-DAP) gets unmasked in BCG when MurT-GatD are deleted. They call the resulting recombinant BCG strain in which the induction of the CRISPRi construct is achieved via anhydrotetracycline, BCG::iE-DAP.
Subsequently, the authors characterize the growth kinetics of the strain and show that MurT-GatD deletion results in cell wall defects (as expected) and increased susceptibility to antibiotics. They use in vitro assays with bone marrow-derived macrophages to show that rBCG::iE-DAP leads to an enhanced 'training effect' of the macrophages and increased killing of subsequent Mtb infection. They go on to show that the growth of the rBCG strain can be inhibited both in vitro and in vivo via the addition of doxycycline. Finally, the authors vaccinate Balb/c mice with wildtype BCG or their rBCG strain, deliver doxycycline via oral gavage, and challenge mice with Mycobacterium tuberculosis 6 weeks later. At 4 and 8 weeks after M. tuberculosis infection the mice get assessed for bacterial burden and histopathology. They show that rBCG::iE-DAP leads to reduced bacterial burden, but increased pathology in the lung compared to parental BCG.The conclusions of this paper are mostly supported by data, but the in vivo protection results against TB need to be clarified and extended.
Strength:
The authors demonstrate an important new pathway by which to improve immunogenicity of BCG - the unmasking of DAP. This is an exciting finding and could lead to the improvement of multiple existing rBCG strains.
The authors also show a rigorous characterization of the rBCG strain and robust in vitro data, demonstrating the effect of MuRT-GatD deletion on cell wall morphology, antibiotic susceptibility and immune training of macrophages.Weaknesses:
The in vivo part of the manuscript is much weaker than the in vitro findings, and the in vivo experiments are only performed with 5 mice per group and time-point in one single experiment. Scientific standards require that each experiment is repeated at least once to show reproducibility and robustness. The low number of mice for the in vivo experiments also don't allow for strong statistical power. -
Reviewer #3 (Public Review):
The authors inactivated the MurT-GatD of Mycobacterium bovis BCG using CRISPR interference and found that loss of these enzymes curbs growth but also alters the cell envelope and cell wall composition. As MurT-GatD are required for amidation of D-glutamate residues in the cell wall and amidation is required for cell wall crosslinking, depletion of MurT-GatD leads to envelope defects and increased sensitivity to cell wall-targeting antibiotics. Loss of D-glutamate amidation also leads in the accumulation of cell wall components that are detected by the cellular NOD1-innate immune surveillance system that is normally blind to amidated cell wall components. Such MurT-GatD-depleted BCG cells are more effective in protecting host cells towards infection by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) in an in vitro monocyte …
Reviewer #3 (Public Review):
The authors inactivated the MurT-GatD of Mycobacterium bovis BCG using CRISPR interference and found that loss of these enzymes curbs growth but also alters the cell envelope and cell wall composition. As MurT-GatD are required for amidation of D-glutamate residues in the cell wall and amidation is required for cell wall crosslinking, depletion of MurT-GatD leads to envelope defects and increased sensitivity to cell wall-targeting antibiotics. Loss of D-glutamate amidation also leads in the accumulation of cell wall components that are detected by the cellular NOD1-innate immune surveillance system that is normally blind to amidated cell wall components. Such MurT-GatD-depleted BCG cells are more effective in protecting host cells towards infection by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) in an in vitro monocyte model, but also in a murine lung infection model of Mtb.
The use of the cellular and animal models gave consistent findings for the recombinant BCG mutant strain in its protective effect against subsequent Mtb infections, importantly occurring in a concentration-dependent manner that correlates with the levels of CRISPR-mediated inhibition.
As no efficient vaccine exists against Mtb and the authors showed the potency of the mutant BCG over WT BCG to vaccinate mice against Mtb, this work identifies MurT-GatD-depleted BCG as a strong new and effective vaccine candidate against Mtb. It is possible that enhanced NOD1-signaling caused by loss of D-glutamate has a general self-adjuvanting effect on BCG bacteria and its conserved surface antigens towards Mtb. Alternatively, Mtb bacteria could alter their cell envelope structure during the course of an infection, rendering them more susceptible to immune responses already entrained by MurT-GatD-depleted BCG.
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