Distinct patterns of genetic variation at low-recombining genomic regions represent haplotype structure

Genetic variation of the entire genome represents population structure, yet individual loci can show distinct patterns. Such deviations identified through genome scans have often been attributed to effects of selective factors instead of randomness, assuming that the genomic intervals are long enough to average out randomness in underlying genealogies. However, an alternative explanation to distinct patterns has not been fully addressed: too few genealogies to average out the effect of randomness. Specifically, distinct patterns of genetic variation may be due to reduced local recombination rate, since the number of genealogies in a genomic interval corresponds to the number of ancestral recombination events. Here, we associate distinct patterns of local genetic variation with reduced recombination rate in a songbird, the Eurasian blackcap, using genome sequences and recombination maps. We find that distinct patterns of local genetic variation represent haplotype structure at low-recombining regions present either in all populations or only in a few populations. At the former species-wide low- recombining regions, genetic variation depicts conspicuous haplotypes segregating in multiple populations. On the contrary, at the latter population-specific low-recombining regions, genetic variation primarily represents cryptic haplotype structure among individuals of the low-recombining populations. With simulations, we confirm that reduction in recombination rate alone can cause distinct patterns of genetic variation mirroring our empirical data. Our results highlight that distinct patterns of genetic variation can emerge through evolution of reduced local recombination rate. Recombination landscape as an evolvable trait therefore plays an important role determining the heterogeneous distribution of genetic variation along the genome.