Competitive binding of STATs to receptor phospho-Tyr motifs accounts for altered cytokine responses in autoimmune disorders
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Evaluation Summary:
This study is a great example of an elaborate combination of experimental and mathematical analyses to examine an intriguing, pleiotropic immunological signaling pathway. While a good number of individual aspects of this signaling pathway have been studied and reported before, the present work pieces together many pieces and succeeds to present a conclusive and comprehensive model of this particular cytokine system. The main conclusions are well supported by the presented data and the manuscript will be of interest and relevance for the study of many other cytokine signaling pathways, being of broad relevance for immunologists and cell biologists.
(This preprint has been reviewed by eLife. We include the public reviews from the reviewers here; the authors also receive private feedback with suggested changes to the manuscript. Reviewer #2 agreed to share their name with the authors.)
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Abstract
Cytokines elicit pleiotropic and non-redundant activities despite strong overlap in their usage of receptors, JAKs and STATs molecules. We use IL-6 and IL-27 to ask how two cytokines activating the same signaling pathway have different biological roles. We found that IL-27 induces more sustained STAT1 phosphorylation than IL-6, with the two cytokines inducing comparable levels of STAT3 phosphorylation. Mathematical and statistical modelling of IL-6 and IL-27 signaling identified STAT3 binding to GP130, and STAT1 binding to IL-27Rα, as the main dynamical processes contributing to sustained pSTAT1 by IL-27. Mutation of Tyr613 on IL-27Rα decreased IL-27-induced STAT1 phosphorylation by 80% but had limited effect on STAT3 phosphorylation. Strong receptor/STAT coupling by IL-27 initiated a unique gene expression program, which required sustained STAT1 phosphorylation and IRF1 expression and was enriched in classical Interferon Stimulated Genes. Interestingly, the STAT/receptor coupling exhibited by IL-6/IL-27 was altered in patients with Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). IL-6/IL-27 induced a more potent STAT1 activation in SLE patients than in healthy controls, which correlated with higher STAT1 expression in these patients. Partial inhibition of JAK activation by sub-saturating doses of Tofacitinib specifically lowered the levels of STAT1 activation by IL-6. Our data show that receptor and STATs concentrations critically contribute to shape cytokine responses and generate functional pleiotropy in health and disease.
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Joint Public Review:
The presented manuscript takes a very comprehensive look at the molecular underpinnings of the differential outcomes of IL-27 and IL-6 signaling. Both cytokines engage GP130 as a cellular receptor, however while IL-6 uses homodimers of this signal transducing receptor, IL-27 signals through a heterodimer of GP130 and IL-27Ra. Both receptor complexed lead to the phosphorylation and activation of STAT1 and STAT3 and, hence, to a similar transcriptional program. Strikingly, however, IL-27 responses lean more towards an anti-inflammatory nature (suppressing Th17 and supporting Treg responses), and IL-6 stimulates a classical inflammatory response (inhibiting Treg differentiation, supporting Th17 generation). The presented study deals with elucidating this functional pleiotropy of similar or identical signal transducers.
Joint Public Review:
The presented manuscript takes a very comprehensive look at the molecular underpinnings of the differential outcomes of IL-27 and IL-6 signaling. Both cytokines engage GP130 as a cellular receptor, however while IL-6 uses homodimers of this signal transducing receptor, IL-27 signals through a heterodimer of GP130 and IL-27Ra. Both receptor complexed lead to the phosphorylation and activation of STAT1 and STAT3 and, hence, to a similar transcriptional program. Strikingly, however, IL-27 responses lean more towards an anti-inflammatory nature (suppressing Th17 and supporting Treg responses), and IL-6 stimulates a classical inflammatory response (inhibiting Treg differentiation, supporting Th17 generation). The presented study deals with elucidating this functional pleiotropy of similar or identical signal transducers.
The authors follow a comprehensive and elaborated approach, combining in vitro experiments in cell lines and human Th1 cells with (phospho-)proteomics, transcriptome sequencing and mathematical modeling, which gives rise to an impressive data set presented in this manuscript. The large body of experimental work is complemented by mathematical modelling of the signaling pathway(s), which is used to discriminate feasibility of distinct hypothesis in terms of mechanisms behind differential STAT activation.
The major finding of the study is that IL-27, at least in certain cells (Th-1), leads to the stronger and more sustained activation of STAT1 as compared to IL-6, and that this higher activation of STAT1 is the basis of the differential transcriptional result. The subsequent -omics analyses support differences in signaling outcome between IL-6 and IL-27, and provide an interesting data base for the community. Finally, data re-analysis in a cohort of patients suffering from the autoimmune disease Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), reproduced the effects expected by the mathematical model, potentially pointing to differences in their response to different cytokines.
Overall, the extensive and complex study presents a comprehensive analyses of IL-6 and IL-27 signaling, puzzling together pieces that may have been around before but not put into meaningful context. It provides a compelling overall idea and model of how cytokine receptors make differential use of STAT proteins.
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Evaluation Summary:
This study is a great example of an elaborate combination of experimental and mathematical analyses to examine an intriguing, pleiotropic immunological signaling pathway. While a good number of individual aspects of this signaling pathway have been studied and reported before, the present work pieces together many pieces and succeeds to present a conclusive and comprehensive model of this particular cytokine system. The main conclusions are well supported by the presented data and the manuscript will be of interest and relevance for the study of many other cytokine signaling pathways, being of broad relevance for immunologists and cell biologists.
(This preprint has been reviewed by eLife. We include the public reviews from the reviewers here; the authors also receive private feedback with suggested changes to the …
Evaluation Summary:
This study is a great example of an elaborate combination of experimental and mathematical analyses to examine an intriguing, pleiotropic immunological signaling pathway. While a good number of individual aspects of this signaling pathway have been studied and reported before, the present work pieces together many pieces and succeeds to present a conclusive and comprehensive model of this particular cytokine system. The main conclusions are well supported by the presented data and the manuscript will be of interest and relevance for the study of many other cytokine signaling pathways, being of broad relevance for immunologists and cell biologists.
(This preprint has been reviewed by eLife. We include the public reviews from the reviewers here; the authors also receive private feedback with suggested changes to the manuscript. Reviewer #2 agreed to share their name with the authors.)
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