Neuroscience

Evaluation Summary:

This manuscript provides strong evidence that adaptation in cone photoreceptors of the primate retina can subtly change the balance of excitatory and inhibitory inputs to On parasol ganglion cells and thereby fundamentally affect how these cells integrate visual information. This study provides important mechanistic insight into the previous observation that On parasol cells display nonlinear spatial stimulus integration under standard reversing gratings but linearly integrate signals in the context of natural scenes. The findings will be of great interest to visual neuroscientists.

(This preprint has been reviewed by eLife. We include the public reviews from the reviewers here; the authors also receive private feedback with suggested changes to the manuscript. Reviewer #1 and Reviewer #2 agreed to share their name with the authors.)

Evaluation Summary:

Using computational modeling and dynamic clamp recordings, this work supports the concept that hyperexcitability of cortical circuits in a familial mouse model of Alzheimer's disease is caused by impairments of biophysical properties of Kv3 channels in parvalbumin-positive cortical interneurons. Overall, the work is clear and interesting but some further analysis is required to provide compelling support to the central claims.

(This preprint has been reviewed by eLife. We include the public reviews from the reviewers here; the authors also receive private feedback with suggested changes to the manuscript. Reviewer #2 agreed to share their name with the authors.)

Evaluation Summary:

This paper will be of interest to the large class of neuroscientists who investigate brain plasticity. It identifies short-term plasticity in a subcortical region, the ventral division of the pulvinar, following monocular deprivation in adult humans. The work is believed to extend our research focus on the topic of ocular dominance plasticity from mainly the cortex to a larger brain network including the subcortical stages of visual processing. This is an intriguing possibility, but further evidence is required to fully support the claims.

(This preprint has been reviewed by eLife. We include the public reviews from the reviewers here; the authors also receive private feedback with suggested changes to the manuscript. The reviewers remained anonymous to the authors.)

Evaluation Summary:

This paper will be of broad interest to readers who study anatomical connections of the brain. It demonstrates the efficacy of a cutting-edge viral tracing technique in mapping excitatory projections in macaque monkeys. The work describes the generation of a projectome from the macaque vlPFC cortex across the rest of the brain using AAV2/9-CaMKIIa-Tau-GFP labeling and imaging with high-throughput serial two-photon tomography. The comparison with imaging techniques available in humans (diffusion tractography) will also be of interest to research in human brain anatomy.

(This preprint has been reviewed by eLife. We include the public reviews from the reviewers here; the authors also receive private feedback with suggested changes to the manuscript. Reviewer #1 agreed to share their name with the authors.)

Evaluation Summary:

This manuscript by Yu et al. captures the transcriptional heterogeneity of mouse POMC neurons across hypothalamic development. This study unifies multiple other observations about the role for other neuron al cell types that express POMC transiently during development. The paper is an important resource understanding of the diversity of POMC neuron classes and their relationship to other cell types in the arcuate nucleus.

(This preprint has been reviewed by eLife. We include the public reviews from the reviewers here; the authors also receive private feedback with suggested changes to the manuscript. The reviewers remained anonymous to the authors.)

Evaluation Summary:

This paper will be of interest to neuroscientists, particularly those studying defensive behaviors. The authors provide novel insights into the mechanisms by which the brain computes contextual information associated with innate threats in mice. The experimental approach and data analysis are mostly adequate and the study provides the first causal evidence of a hippocampus-anterior hypothalamic pathway mediating spatial fear memory of ethological threats. The implementation of more robust statistical tests, as well as more detailed Methods and Discussion sections should serve to strengthen an already elegant study.

(This preprint has been reviewed by eLife. We include the public reviews from the reviewers here; the authors also receive private feedback with suggested changes to the manuscript. Reviewer #1 and Reviewer #2 agreed to share their name with the authors.)

Evaluation Summary:

This study reveals that anesthesia-induced burst suppression's spatial patterns differ across humans, macaques, marmosets, and rats. Given that burst suppression is considered a hallmark of unconscious states, these findings are potentially important for us to understand the evolution of the neural correlates of consciousness. In addition, a novel, purely MR-based method is presented to identify and map burst suppression, which may have relevance in both clinical and experimental studies.

(This preprint has been reviewed by eLife. We include the public reviews from the reviewers here; the authors also receive private feedback with suggested changes to the manuscript. Reviewer #2 and Reviewer #3 agreed to share their name with the authors.)

Evaluation Summary:

This paper addresses an important problem in control of episodic memory. This paper develops a computationally-based proposal about how semantic, working memory, and episodic memory systems might learn to interact so that stored episodic memories can optimally contribute to reconstruction of semantic memory for event sequences. This is an understudied area and this present work can make a major theoretical contribution to this domain with new predictions. The reviewers were positive about the contribution.

(This preprint has been reviewed by eLife. We include the public reviews from the reviewers here; the authors also receive private feedback with suggested changes to the manuscript. Reviewer #1 and Reviewer #2 agreed to share their name with the authors.)

Evaluation Summary:

This paper will be of interest to neuroscientists interested in predictive coding and planning. It presents a novel analysis of hippocampal place cells during exploration of an open arena. It performs a comprehensive comparison of real and synthetic data to determine which encoding model best explains population activity in the hippocampus.

(This preprint has been reviewed by eLife. We include the public reviews from the reviewers here; the authors also receive private feedback with suggested changes to the manuscript. The reviewers remained anonymous to the authors.)

Evaluation Summary:

This manuscript investigates an important topic related to the initiation signals of actions sequences detected in the dorsal striatum. The authors conduct an ambitious set of experiments to study how neural activity in the dorsal striatum relates to the ability to wait for a reward. The study nicely bridges research on striatum's roles in reward-seeking actions and in time processing. Interesting activity patterns are detected that suggest a relationship to the premature versus the timely release of actions. These observations are potentially interesting, in particular, the possible difference between adult and adolescent rats. The functional significance of these activity patterns remain to be examined.

(This preprint has been reviewed by eLife. We include the public reviews from the reviewers here; the authors also receive private feedback with suggested changes to the manuscript. Reviewer #1 agreed to share their name with the authors.)