Neuroscience

Evaluation Summary:

This well-written report provides new insights for neuroscientists studying sleep architecture and stress sensitivity. A particularly important conclusion is that differences in sleep architecture before chronic social defeat stress may serve as a predictive biomarker of stress resilience. Overall the work is very strong, but there are some conceptual and methodological issues that need to be addressed.

(This preprint has been reviewed by eLife. We include the public reviews from the reviewers here; the authors also receive private feedback with suggested changes to the manuscript. Reviewer #3 agreed to share their name with the authors.)

Evaluation Summary:

This paper will be of interest to the neuroscience community studying brain oscillations. It presents a new method to detect sharp-wave ripples in the hippocampus with deep learning techniques, instead of the more traditional signal processing approach. The overall detection performance improves and this technique may help identify and characterize previously undetected physiological events.

(This preprint has been reviewed by eLife. We include the public reviews from the reviewers here; the authors also receive private feedback with suggested changes to the manuscript. The reviewers remained anonymous to the authors.)

Evaluation Summary:

The experiments presented in this extensive study by Ronzano et al. are a tour-de-force investigating the spatial organization of premotor interneurons in the mouse spinal cord to re-examine the fundamental question of whether there is spatial segregation of interneurons with monosynaptic connections to motoneurons innervating functionally antagonistic (flexor and extensor) pairs of limb muscles. The authors' premotor circuit mapping experiments, involving four different collaborating laboratories applying an extensive set of complementary rabies virus-based trans-synaptic circuit tracing techniques, convincingly demonstrate complete spatial overlap among flexor and extensor premotor interneurons, contradicting previous mapping results that suggest spatial segregation. The present results revise our understanding of the spatial organization of spinal premotor circuits with fundamental implications for understanding spinal motor circuit function.

(This preprint has been reviewed by eLife. We include the public reviews from the reviewers here; the authors also receive private feedback with suggested changes to the manuscript. Reviewer #1 agreed to share their name with the authors.)

Evaluation Summary:

There is currently a lack of available fine-grained infant-dedicated cortical parcellation maps. The present study fills an important gap in the research of infant brain development by generating an age-dependent functional brain parcellation from birth to 24 months, leveraging on the 1064 high-resolution longitudinal resting-state fMRI scans from 197 infants. These age-specific parcellation maps have the potential to facilitate scientific discoveries, comparisons, and validations in brain functional development. Moreover, the proposed method of establishing functional correspondences across individuals using functional gradient densities can also be applied to study brain changes across lifespan.

(This preprint has been reviewed by eLife. We include the public reviews from the reviewers here; the authors also receive private feedback with suggested changes to the manuscript. Reviewer #1 and Reviewer #2 agreed to share their name with the authors.)

Evaluation Summary:

This paper will be of interest to neurophysiologists and system neuroscientists interested in memory and more specifically in hippocampo-cortical interactions. Using a combination of imaging and electrophysiological techniques, the study characterizes neocortical activity patterns around awake hippocampal ripples. Unlike sleep ripples, cortical activity seems to be dominated by inhibition around ripples but differences between intrinsic activity and synaptic transmission highlight complex interactions in the underlying neuronal circuits and dynamics.

(This preprint has been reviewed by eLife. We include the public reviews from the reviewers here; the authors also receive private feedback with suggested changes to the manuscript. Reviewer #3 agreed to share their name with the authors.)

Evaluation Summary:

This important work provides compelling evidence for the biological plausibility of the Successor Representation (SR) algorithm. The SR is a leading computational hypothesis to explore whether neural representations are consistent with the hypothesis that the neural networks in specific brain area perform predictive computations. Establishing a biologically plausible learning rule for SR representations to form is of high importance in the field of neuroscience. This is also important for comparing the predictive ability of neural circuits with other predictive frameworks designed in machine learning.

(This preprint has been reviewed by eLife. We include the public reviews from the reviewers here; the authors also receive private feedback with suggested changes to the manuscript. Reviewer #1 and Reviewer #2 agreed to share their name with the authors.)

eLife assessment

This is an important paper that is methodologically solid and highlights structural covariance as the neuroanatomical basis underlying individuality in genetically identical mice. The approach to individuality is very well designed, and the use of brain imaging and anatomical covariance as the underlying mechanism is well thought out. The statistical methods, while overall sound, require further justification and exploration. This paper will be of broad interest to neuroscientists, especially those working in brain plasticity or understanding unique and shared environmental influences on individuality.

Evaluation Summary:

This paper introduces a light microscopy pipeline for imaging and fast reconstruction of the synaptic connections of individual neuronal types in the fruit fly and for correlated investigation of circuit structure, function and behavior in the same animal. Because of its speed and accessibility, this approach enables mapping of selected neuronal circuits of multiple animals across different conditions and behavioral states, thus filling an important gap in brain research.

(This preprint has been reviewed by eLife. We include the public reviews from the reviewers here; the authors also receive private feedback with suggested changes to the manuscript. The reviewers remained anonymous to the authors.)

Evaluation Summary:

Almeida and Macklin provide one of the first studies to closely examine early oligodendrocyte behaviors at high resolution. These studies use live imaging in zebrafish to provide valuable new insights about the earliest onset of myelination in the central nervous system and add to a body of work showing how oligodendrocytes initiate and maintain myelin sheaths.

(This preprint has been reviewed by eLife. We include the public reviews from the reviewers here; the authors also receive private feedback with suggested changes to the manuscript. Reviewer #1 and Reviewer #3 agreed to share their name with the authors.)

Evaluation Summary:

In this manuscript, of interest to those studying insect reproductive biology and specifically mosquitoes, the authors show that females of the yellow fever mosquito retain eggs when fresh water is not readily available. The authors then use RNA expression analyses to identify genes potentially involved in the trait. This leads the authors to focus on two genes that seem to be recent duplicates. The authors generate genetic knockouts and use these to show that these two alleles affect the trait in question. The study includes interesting and technically impressive experiments, but the framing in the context of previous work could be improved.

(This preprint has been reviewed by eLife. We include the public reviews from the reviewers here; the authors also receive private feedback with suggested changes to the manuscript. The reviewers remained anonymous to the authors.)