Feature-based valuation and its impairment in people with compulsive and addictive symptoms

Effective decision-making requires evaluating options based on relevant features while reducing attention to those that are not. However, how attention prioritizes one source of information over another during value-based decisions remains unknown. Across 7 experiments, we show that irrelevant features both constructively and destructively interfered with how values are assigned to choice options. When relevant and irrelevant features agreed, choice accuracy and speed were facilitated; when they conflicted, accuracy decreased and choices slowed in proportion to the value of the irrelevant feature. We modeled this interference as a weighted sum of relevant and irrelevant feature values. This model explained individual differences in choice behavior and, critically, tracked psychiatric symptom severity related to substance abuse and obsessive-compulsive disorder. This suggests that these symptoms may, in part, reflect an impaired ability to weigh relevant against irrelevant information when assigning value to choice options – a process we term feature-based valuation.