Anxiety-Related Traits Are Associated with Subjective Biases but not Altered Threat–Safety Discrimination

Anxiety-related traits (ARTs) have been linked to altered fear learning, but previous studies have typically examined different experimental phases and response systems, limiting the comparability of findings and the accumulation of consistent evidence. Here, we comprehensively examined associations between ARTs and fear conditioning across acquisition, extinction and renewal and across subjective, physiological and neural response systems in a well-powered sample (N = 267) using a two-day differential conditioning paradigm. ARTs were operationalized as a composite of trait anxiety, neuroticism, and intolerance of uncertainty and conditioned responding was assessed using skin conductance responses, fear-potentiated startle, US expectancy ratings, fear ratings, and functional magnetic resonance imaging. Higher ARTs were consistently associated with elevated subjective fear and US expectancy to both threat and safety cues during extinction and renewal, without corresponding elevations in physiological responding. At the same time, ARTs were not associated with threat–safety discrimination in subjective or physiological measures across phases, while neural associations were limited to reduced dorsal anterior cingulate cortex discrimination during early renewal. These findings suggest that ARTs are characterized by a CS unspecific cognitive bias toward heightened threat expectancy and evaluation rather than altered associative fear learning, highlighting the importance of distinguishing conditioned discrimination from general levels of responding across response systems.