Image-Derived 3D Blood–Brain Mechanics: Cerebral Haemodynamics, Brain Motion and In Vivo Benchmarking

Cerebrovascular pulsatility drives measurable brain tissue deformation and has been associated with ageing and a range of neurological disorders. Yet how pulsatile haemodynamic forces are transmitted through deformable cerebral arteries into the surrounding brain remains poorly understood, particularly in anatomically realistic vascular geometries. Existing computational approaches have largely treated cerebral fluid and tissue mechanics separately or relied on idealised geometries, limiting our ability to determine how vascular anatomy simultaneously governs intraluminal haemodynamics and extravascular mechanical loading. Here, we develop an image-derived three-dimensional computational framework that jointly resolves pulsatile blood flow, arterial wall deformation and surrounding brain tissue motion in representative cerebral arteries. Four arterial segments, including the middle cerebral artery, middle cerebral artery bifurcation, basilar artery and internal carotid artery, are reconstructed from high-field (5 Tesla) magnetic resonance imaging data of a healthy subject. A finite-deformation fluid–structure interaction model is established by coupling non-Newtonian blood flow, hyperelastic arterial wall and hyper-viscoelastic brain tissue. The predicted tissue response is benchmarked against in vivo magnetic resonance elastography measurements of cardiac-induced volumetric strain over a cardiac cycle.

Results reveal spatially localised arterial and tissue deformation whose magnitude and distribution are strongly governed by vascular geometry and wall thickness. Among the segments examined, the internal carotid artery exhibits the largest deformation response, while reduced wall thickness increases strain transmission into the surrounding tissue. Geometrically complex regions also exhibit greater spatial heterogeneity in near-wall haemodynamic metrics. These findings demonstrate that cerebral vascular anatomy simultaneously shapes intraluminal haemodynamics and extravascular mechanical loading. By integrating image-derived vascular anatomy, coupled blood–vessel–brain mechanics and in vivo benchmarking within a unified framework, this study provides a mechanically consistent reference for healthy cerebral pulsatility and establishes a foundation for quantifying how blood–vessel–brain interactions are altered under pathological conditions.