High-resolution image-projection fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy

Fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) provides molecular contrast that is largely independent of fluorophore concentration, yet it remains constrained by a persistent trade-off among acquisition speed, photon dose, and detector complexity. To address this challenge, we developed image-projection fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (IP-FLIM), an integrated optical and computational platform that enables high-resolution, component-resolved lifetime imaging using only a linear single-photon avalanche diode array. We validate IP-FLIM using fluorescent microbeads and bovine pulmonary artery endothelial cells, demonstrating up to 22.3× improvement in contrast-to-noise ratio and 72.3% reduction in background noise over conventional filtered back-projection reconstruction. By combining wide-field projection acquisition with computational k -space reconstruction, IP-FLIM provides a scalable route to fast, high-resolution multiplex lifetime imaging.