Ventral Pallidum Cholinergic Neurons Respond to Reward and Signal Reward Value

The ventral pallidum (VP) is a key basal ganglia structure involved in integrating reward-related signals to guide motivated behavior and feeding. VP neuronal activity is strongly tuned to reward-predictive cues and palatable rewards, tracking changes in value and motivational state. Recent studies have established important and opposing roles for GABAergic and glutamatergic VP neurons in reward- and avoidance-related behaviors. However, much less is known about the role of VP cholinergic neurons (VP-CNs), which comprise only ∼10% of VP neurons in mice, but maintain extensive connectivity with reward-related circuitry. Here, using cell type-selective in vivo fiber photometry during instrumental reward behavior, we found that VP-CN activity responds to cues, actions, and reward retrieval in a training-independent manner. Phasic VP-CN responses to reward retrieval were reduced by reward dilution, whereas pre-feeding with the reward enhanced these responses. In contrast, non-cholinergic VP neurons exhibited modulation by pre-feeding but not by reward dilution. Together, these findings identify VP-CNs as a distinct and dynamically regulated VP population whose activity is sensitive to both reward palatability and physiological state, extending our current understanding of the VP and its roles in reward processing.