Why African estuaries matter? An expert perspective on regional and global sustainability

African estuaries are critical ecosystems that serve as vital interfaces between terrestrial and marine environments, playing indispensable roles in regional and global sustainability. Africa possess the second largest river in the world, the Congo river. This review article synthesizes expert perspectives on the multifaceted importance of these dynamic systems, highlighting their ecological, economic, and social contributions. We explore their significance as biodiversity hotspots, nurseries for commercially important species, natural filters for pollutants, and buffers against climate change impacts. Furthermore, the article examines the threats facing African estuaries, including pollution, habitat degradation, overexploitation, and climate change, and discusses the implications for human well-being and ecosystem resilience. Key findings of this review is stated as follows: The total outflow from African rivers into the adjoining seas is estimated at 3,271.4 km ³ per year, representing approximately 8.7% of the global river flow into the oceans; People living on African deltas and estuaries were estimated at approximately 62 million people in 2017, representing about 19% of the total population living in deltas; and the overall economic income value generated by the harbour operations in Dakar, Abidjan, Lagos, Alexandria, Durban, Mombasa, and Maputo is estimated to be 22–37 billions of USD annually. By integrating current research and expert insights, we underscore the urgent need for integrated management strategies and conservation efforts to safeguard these invaluable natural assets for present and future generations.