Study of the Structure and Mechanical Properties of Ti-38Zr-11Nb Alloy

Hip joint implants are among the most prevalent types of medical implants utilized for the replacement of damaged joints. The utilization of modern implant materials, such as cobalt–chromium alloys, stainless steel, titanium, and other titanium alloys, is accompanied by challenges, including the toxicity of certain elements (e.g., aluminum, vanadium, nickel) and excessive Young’s modulus, which adversely impact biomechanical compatibility. A mismatch between the stiffness of the implant material and the bone tissue, known as stress shielding, can lead to adverse outcomes such as bone resorption and implant loosening. Recent studies have shifted the focus to β-titanium alloys due to their exceptional biocompatibility, corrosion resistance, and low Young’s modulus, which is close to the Young’s modulus of bone tissue (10–30 GPa). In this study, the microstructure, mechanical properties, and phase stability of the Ti-38Zr-11Nb alloy were investigated. Energy dispersion spectrometry was employed to confirm the homogeneous distribution of Ti, Zr, and Nb in the alloy. A subsequent microstructural analysis revealed the presence of elongated β-grains subsequent to rolling and quenching. Furthermore, grinding contributed to the process of recrystallization and the formation of subgrains. X-ray diffraction analysis confirmed the presence of a stable β-phase under any heat treatment conditions, which can be explained by the use of Nb as a β-stabilizer and Zr as a neutral element with a weak β-stabilizing effect in the presence of other β-stabilizers. Furthermore, the modulus of elasticity, as determined by tensile testing, exhibited a decline from 85 GPa to 81 GPa after annealing. Mechanical tests demonstrated a substantial enhancement in tensile strength (from 529 MPa to 628 MPa) concurrent with a 32% reduction in elongation to fracture of the samples. These alterations are attributed to microstructural transformations, including the formation of subgrains and the rearrangement of dislocations. This study’s findings suggest that the Ti-38Zr-11Nb alloy has potential as a material of choice due to its lower Young’s modulus compared to traditional materials and its stable β-phase, which enhances the implant’s durability and reduces the risk of brittle phases forming over time. This study demonstrates that the corrosion resistance of titanium grade 2 and Ti-38Zr-11Nb is comparable. The material in question exhibited no evidence of cytotoxic activity in the context of mammalian cells.