Exploring the Impact of AI on Critical Thinking Development in ESL: A Systematic Literature Review

The rapid advancements in artificial intelligence (AI), particularly generative AI tools like ChatGPT, have transformed language education, fostering opportunities and challenges in English as a Second Language (ESL) learning. The growth of artificial intelligence (AI) and incredibly generative AI tools like ChatGPT in language education have widely affected the landscape of ESL students’ teaching and learning experiences. Despite the advancement of AI technology, limited research has been conducted on the impact of AI on a more profound cognitive impact, particularly on students’ ability to think critically and independently. This scoping review examines how AI influences ESL learners’ critical thinking and writing skills. Using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) framework, this study synthesizes findings from 15 peer-reviewed articles published between 2023 and 2025 to answer the research questions: How does AI affect critical thinking development? Moreover, 2) What are the ethical concerns resulting from AI-assisted learning? This study conducted a systematic literature review (SLR) to discover in-depth insights on the over-reliance on generative AI techniques and the development of critical thinking skills in the context of ESL writing to contribute to the existing literature. Results indicate that while AI significantly enhances writing quality and critical thinking skills, excessive reliance on AI tools may hinder independent learning. The study calls for AI literacy programs to ensure AI’s effective and ethical integration into ESL education.