From ‘breathing spaces’ to arnasguneak: the development of the concept in the Basque context

This article examines the development of the concept of arnasgune in the Basque context. While initially referring to demographically concentrated areas where a minority language thrives, as a translation of Fishman’s ‘breathing spaces’, arnasgune has undergone significant conceptual expansion. The term has gained traction in academic research, language policy, and media discourse, sparking debate over its precise definition. Through a qualitative analysis of academic literature, policy documents and newspaper articles, this study traces the evolution of arnasgune and its varied uses. This paper identifies two key perspectives: a dominant group advocating for a strict socio-territorial interpretation, and a more flexible understanding of the term. Additionally, this study highlights how the growing prominence of arnasgune has drawn social and policy attention to previously overlooked sociolinguistic contexts crucial to the future of the Basque language. It argues that the contested nature of the term arnasgune enriches local discussions on language revitalisation, also illustrating how conceptual shifts reflect deeper sociolinguistic and cultural transformations in the Basque context. Ultimately, by analysing the evolution and use of the term arnasgune, the article contributes to ongoing discussions surrounding minority language maintenance, language policy and minority language media.