The Pulpit and the Polls: The Electoral Impact of Religious Participation

We estimate how exposure to religious services affects U.S. voting. Novel sermon corpora show a sharp spike in political content on the Sunday before presidential elections. Exploiting quasi-random rainfall during typical service hours before elections—Precipitation at Time of Church (PTC)—and controlling for election day and weekly precipitation, a one–standard deviation increase in PTC lowers county Republican vote share by 0.6 percentage points. The effect is driven by reduced Republican turnout. Individual-level estimates confirm that effects concentrate among church-attending Christians—particularly White Evangelicals—and are absent for non-churchgoers who face the same weather, consistent with church-based mobilization.