FalseWebs Network Policy Paper: Understanding and Addressing Misinformation in Scotland

Executive SummaryThis policy paper addresses the growing societal threat of misinformation and disinformation – collectively known as information disorder – and explores how Scotland can respond effectively through evidence led interventions, regulation, and education.Drawing on recent research in psychology, behavioural science, design, AI, and digital governance, the paper outlines the mechanisms by which false information spreads, the harms it causes, and how individuals and institutions can build resilience.Key Points•People are not universally susceptible; most can detect misinformation but tend to rely on intuition. Interventions like inductive learning, cognitive reflection, and prebunking can improve accuracy.•Adolescents and young adults are particularly vulnerable to misleading content, despite high levels of digital engagement.•AI generated media, particularly images, pose new challenges for detection, trust, and verification. Training and provenance-based technologies offer viable solutions.•Misinformation not only distorts public understanding but can also implant false memories and alter behaviours, even after correction.•Moderation practices on platforms like Instagram and TikTok disproportionately affect marginalised communities. Transparent appeals processes and user controls are needed.•Technological interventions such as content provenance (e.g. C2PA) and independent warning labels offer promising ways to signal trustworthiness and reduce harm.Recommendations•Digital Literacy: Expand media education to include visual, AI, and rhetorical literacy, starting early and continuing into adulthood.•Behavioural Approaches: Apply evidence-based techniques to help individuals better assess, question, and respond to false or misleading content.•Platform Governance: Improve moderation processes, appeals transparency, and user agency; encourage rehabilitative, not punitive, moderation models.•Technological Solutions: Support implementation of provenance standards and independent fake news labelling.•Public Messaging: Tailor government communications using behavioural science insights to support trust and healthy information environments.This paper provides a roadmap for strengthening Scotland’s digital resilience and civic integrity, complementing ongoing government work on AI, education, and public health.