From Craft to Smart Manufacturing: A Comprehensive Review of Technologies from Traditional to Modern Era

Tracing the evolution of manufacturing from ancient handcrafts to today's interconnected systems, this review explores the foundational shifts brought about by mechanization, automation, and digitalization. The document analyzes the principles of Industry 4.0, highlighting the role of technologies like artificial intelligence, additive manufacturing, and cyber-physical systems in creating smart factories. Moving beyond a purely efficiency-driven model, the review also examines the emerging paradigm of Industry 5.0, which reframes the purpose of industry around the core values of human-centricity, resilience, and sustainability. By synthesizing a deep historical context with an analysis of modern technological and philosophical shifts, this paper provides a comprehensive overview for academics, practitioners, and innovators navigating the future of production.