The Gut-Skin Axis: A Comprehensive Review of Probiotics for Skin Health and Clinical Applications

The intricate relationship between the gut and the skin, known as the gut-skin axis, has garnered increasing attention in dermatological research. Recent studies suggest that the balance of the gut microbiome can significantly influence skin health, and probiotic interventions have emerged as a promising strategy for managing various skin conditions. This literature review aims to synthesize the current scientific understanding of the gut-skin axis and critically evaluate the clinical applications of probiotics for dermatological health. A comprehensive search of peer-reviewed articles published between 2014 and 2024 was conducted using databases such as PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. The findings highlight the crucial role of the gut-skin axis in maintaining skin homeostasis through immunological, metabolic, and neuroendocrine pathways. Clinical evidence indicates that oral and topical probiotics may offer therapeutic benefits for acne vulgaris, eczema (atopic dermatitis), psoriasis, and rosacea by modulating the gut and skin microbiota, reducing inflammation, and improving skin barrier function. Specific probiotic strains and formulations have shown varying degrees of efficacy in clinical trials, underscoring the need for targeted research. Despite promising results, knowledge gaps remain regarding optimal strains, dosages, long-term effects, and precise mechanisms of action. Future research should focus on well-designed, large-scale studies to further elucidate the role of probiotics in dermatological health and to optimize their clinical application. This review underscores the potential of probiotic interventions as a complementary approach to conventional dermatological treatments, offering a promising avenue for improving skin health from the inside out.