Implications and Optimization Paths of the Spanish Blackout on Energy Security Mechanisms under China's Energy Law Framework

Currently,the global energy landscape is undergoing profound changes,with continuous increases in renewable energy penetration,accelerated digital transformation of energy systems,and increasingly close interconnections of power grids.These trends,while promoting the cleaning of energy structures and improving efficiency,have also brought unprecedented complexity and vulnerability to the operation and regulation of power systems.Energy security is the cornerstone of national stability,economic development,and public well-being.In an increasingly complex risk environment,it is crucial to build a comprehensive,forward-looking,and resilient legal guarantee mechanism for energy security.On April 28 this year,a large-scale power outage occurred on the Iberian Peninsula,leaving tens of millions of residents in Spain and Portugal without electricity.This incident caused paralysis of critical infrastructure such as railways and medical facilities,resulting not only in enormous economic losses and social impacts but also exposing deep challenges in the operation and regulation of modern power systems under the interplay of multiple factors including high renewable energy proportions,digitization,and grid aging.In this context,the institutional design of the"Energy Law of the People's Republic of China"(hereinafter referred to as the"Energy Law")demonstrates a high degree of forward-looking nature,fully addressing the practical challenges of key issues such as multi-agent collaboration,cross-level coordination,and safety resilience in the operation of modern power systems.To better adapt to the increasingly complex security needs of power systems under the background of energy transformation,it is necessary to further improve specific regulations and supporting mechanisms on the basis of existing laws.