Improving Swimming Performance with Synchronous Music: A Scoping and Critical Review

This scoping review aims to investigate the effects of synchronous music on swimming performance. The rationale for this review stems from the growing interest in how rhythmic auditory stimuli can optimize motor efficiency and psychological engagement in athletes. While the positive impact of asynchronous music on affective and perceptual aspects of exercise is well-documented, the specific role of music synchronization in enhancing physical performance remains underexplored in swimming. This review addresses a gap in the literature by focusing on the limited but emerging research in this area. A systematic search of Scopus and Google Scholar identified seven relevant studies about music and swimming performance, and only two which specifically investigate the synchronicity effect. Preliminary evidence suggests that rhythmic synchronization may enhance stroke efficiency and pacing. However, findings are constrained by heterogeneity in study design, small sample sizes, and technological limitations in underwater sound delivery. Methodological constraints and the complexity of integrating auditory stimuli in aquatic settings hinder broader applicability. Future research should adopt a multidisciplinary approach incorporating Music Theory, and exploring the relationship between synchronous music and the flow state. Such insights may guide the development of novel performance-enhancing tools for swimmers.