Effects of Trigonella foenum-graecum L. and Trigonella balansae Boiss. & Reut on Gastric Hormones in Healthy Adults: An Exploratory Study

Background Fenugreek ( Trigonella spp.) is traditionally used as an appetite stimulant and anti-diabetic herb. Modulation of gut hormones is one potential mechanism for its metabolic effects, but direct clinical evidence is limited. Objective To conduct an exploratory assessment of the short-term effects of two fenugreek species T. foenum-graecum and T. balansae on appetite, glucose levels, and selected gastric hormones in healthy adults. Methods Twenty healthy individuals (18–35 years) were randomized into three groups: T. foenum-graecum (FS1), T. balansae (FS2), or a combination (FS3). Participants received 2–3 g/day of the respective seed powders for 14 days. Outcomes assessed at baseline and day 15 included fasting and post-prandial glucose, acyl ghrelin, motilin, and GLP-1. Appetite was assessed using the Simplified Nutritional Appetite Questionnaire. Results Appetite improvement was reported by 4 participants in each group. Mean glucose values showed a mild reduction across groups but remained within normal limits. Acyl ghrelin showed a small, non-significant rise in FS1, while motilin exhibited minor changes without consistent trends. GLP-1 levels remained below detectable limits with the assay used. Adverse events were fewer in FS1 compared to FS2 and FS3. Conclusion Short-term administration of T. foenum-graecum was associated with improved subjective appetite and a mild decrease in glucose levels, though hormonal changes were minimal and non-significant. Given the very small sample size, these preliminary findings require cautious interpretation and validation in adequately powered clinical studies.