Chemical profile and anti- inflammatory activity of the hydroethanolic extract of Cochlospermum regium (Schrank) Pilg. xylopodium

Background and Aim: Cochlospermum regium is widely distributed in the Brazilian Cerrado, where its xylopodium is traditionally used to treat inflammatory disorders. This study investigated the anti-inflammatory effects of the hydroethanolic extract of C. regium xylopodium (HECr) using in vivo and i n vitro models and characterized its phytochemical profile. Experimental Procedures: A 70% hydroethanolic extract was prepared from the xylopodium and subjected to phytochemical analysis. In vivo assays were conducted in male Swiss mice treated with HECr (25, 100, or 400 mg/kg) and evaluated in acetic acid-induced vascular permeability and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced peritonitis models. Total and differential leukocyte counts and cytokine levels were determined in peritoneal fluid. In vitro , RAW 264.7 macrophages were used to assess cytotoxicity, nitric oxide (NO) production, and inflammatory cytokine release after LPS stimulation. Results: Phytochemical analysis identified myricetin-3-O-β-D-galactopyranoside, quinic acid, and quercetin-3-O-rhamnoside as major constituents. HECr significantly reduced Evans blue extravasation in the vascular permeability assay. In LPS-induced peritonitis, HECr decreased total leukocyte and neutrophil migration, reduced TNF-α and IL-1β levels, and increased IL-10 concentrations compared with vehicle-treated controls. In LPS-stimulated macrophages, HECr (1–20 µg/mL) reduced IL-1β and NO production, decreased TNF-α at lower concentrations, increased IL-13 levels, and showed no cytotoxicity. Conclusions: HECr exhibits significant anti-inflammatory activity, likely mediated by modulation of vascular permeability, leukocyte recruitment, cytokines, and NO, supporting its traditional use and potential therapeutic application.